A 

Abortion
Accounting
Advertising
Africa
African-American Studies
Aging
Agriculture
American Indian Studies
Anthropology
Archaeology
Architecture
Argumentative
Art: Artists (Alphabetized)
Art: General
Become an Affiliate and Earn $$$
Biographies (Alphabetized)
Book Reviews (Non-Fiction) (Alphabetized)
Business: Companies (Alphabetized)
Business: General
Business: Industries (Alphabetized)
Business: International
Business: Small
California
Canada
Caribbean
Child Abuse
China
Communication: Journalism
Communication: Language & Speech
Communication: Media
Communication: Non-Verbal
Communication: Television
Communication: Television & Children
Communism
Computer Science
Consumerism
Criminal Justice: General
Criminal Justice: Juvenile Delinquency
Criminal Justice: Police Science
Criminal Justice: Prisons
Cuba
Death & Dying: Euthanasia
Death & Dying: General
Death & Dying: Suicide
Drama: American
Drama: English
Drama: World
Drugs: Alcohol
Drugs: General
Economics: Banking
Economics: Economists (Alphabetized)
Economics: General
Economics: Inflation
Economics: International Trade
Economics: Macroeconomics
Economics: Microeconomics
Economics: Taxation
Education: Administration
Education: Curriculum
Education: General
Education: Higher
Education: Physical
Education: Psychology
Education: Reading
Education: Special
Education: Teaching Methods
Education: Theory
Energy: General
Energy: Nuclear
Energy: Solar
Environmental Studies
Evolution
Family & Marriage
Films: Artists (Alphabetized)
Films: General
Finance: Companies (Alphabetized)
Finance: General
Former Soviet Union: Post-1990
France
Gender & Sexuality
Geography
Germany
History: Ancient Greek & Roman
History: European
History: Great Britain
History: U.S. (After 1865)
History: U.S. (Before 1865)
History: U.S. Presidency
History: U.S. Presidents (Alphabetized)
Homosexuality
Immigration
India
Indonesia
International Relations: Arms Control
International Relations: Cold War
International Relations: Non-U.S.
International Relations: U.S.
Japan
Jewish Studies
Korea
Labor
Latin America
Law: Business
Law: Capital Punishment
Law: General
Law: International & Non-U.S.
Law: Supreme Court
Leadership
Literature, American: Authors (Alphabetized)
Literature, American: Faulkner
Literature, American: Fitzgerald
Literature, American: General
Literature, American: Hawthorne
Literature, American: Hemingway
Literature, American: Melville
Literature, American: Poe
Literature, American: Steinbeck
Literature, American: Twain
Literature, English: Authors (Alphabetized)
Literature, English: Chaucer
Literature, English: Conrad
Literature, English: Dickens
Literature, English: General
Literature, English: Joyce
Literature, English: Lawrence
Literature, English: Shakespeare
Literature, English: Swift
Literature, General: Children
Literature, General: Classic (Greek & Roman)
Literature, General: Russian
Literature, General: World
Management: General
Management: Japanese
Management: Motivation
Management: Theory
Management: Women
Marketing: Companies (Alphabetized)
Marketing: General
Marketing: Plans
Mathematics
Medical: Aids
Medical: Dentistry
Medical: Diseases & Disorders (Alphabetized)
Medical: General
Medical: Nursing
Mexican-American Studies
Mexico
Middle East: Egypt
Middle East: General
Middle East: O.P.E.C.
Military
Music: Classical
Music: General
Mythology
Nutrition
Parapsychology/Occult
Philosophy: Ancient Greek
Philosophy: Descartes
Philosophy: Eastern
Philosophy: General
Philosophy: Kant
Philosophy: Sartre
Poetry: American
Poetry: English
Poetry: Milton
Poetry: World
Political Science: Elections & Campaigns
Political Science: Foreign
Political Science: Lobbyists & Pressure Groups
Political Science: Machiavelli
Political Science: Mill
Political Science: Political Theory
Political Science: U.S.
Psychology: Behaviorism
Psychology: Child & Adolescent
Psychology: Disorders
Psychology: Dreams
Psychology: Experimental
Psychology: Freud
Psychology: General
Psychology: Jung
Psychology: Physiology
Psychology: Piaget
Psychology: Rogers
Psychology: Social
Psychology: Testing
Psychology: Therapies
Public Administration: General
Public Administration: Government Agencies (Alphabetized)
Racism
Real Estate
Recreation & Leisure
Religion: Eastern
Religion: General
Religion: Islam
Religion: The Bible
Research: Completed Studies (With Statistics & Results)
Research: Designs & Proposals
Research: Statistics & Methodology
Russia: Pre-1917 Revolution
Science: Astronomy
Science: Biology
Science: General
Science: Genetics
Sociology: Durkheim
Sociology: General
Sociology: Marx
Sociology: Social Problems
Sociology: Social Theory
Sociology: Social Welfare
Sociology: Weber
Soviet Union: 1917-1990
Sports: Drugs
Sports: General
Technology
Transportation: Automotive
Transportation: Aviation
Transportation: General
Transportation: Railroads
Urban Studies
Vietnam
Women Studies
 

CHILDHOOD DROWNINGS.   Term Paper ID:18857 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Statistics, causes, effects of near-drowning, prevention. Role of nurses & other rescuers.... More...

5 Pages / 1125 Words 5 sources, 13 Citations, APA Format $20.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Statistics, causes, effects of near-drowning, prevention. Role of nurses & other rescuers. Paper Introduction: Drowning ranks second only to motor vehicle accidents as the most common cause of accidental deaths among children. Almost 5 children per 100,000 drown each year in the United States alone. Infants and toddlers are most at risk: as many as 45 percent of all cases involve children not yet one year old (Jumbelic and Chambliss 1952). This research focuses on reasons behind drownings, how they can be prevented and medical problems resulting from near drownings. For the purposes of this research, near drownings are classified as a life threatening incident in which children are found face down or under the surface of water. Cases in which children are found floating and breathing, or struggling, are not included. During 1989, swimming pools accounted for between 55 and 80 percent of all childhood drowning deaths in the United States. Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. As with all emergency aid situations, potential rescuers should avoidrisking their own lives to save the victim. A studyof child drownings and near drownings in Maricopa County, Arizona foundthat a lapse in supervision accounted for 4 percent of the incidentsduring 1988 and 1989. If possible and available, oxygen should beadministered as quickly as possible. CPR should continue until other rescuers arrive, or until aresponse is noted. Not only do the buckets pose aproblem, the cleaning fluids commonly used throughout the country are alsodangerous. Cardiac rhythm should be monitored continuouslyonce CPR has been stopped. Works CitedBarker, Ellen and Robert Higgins. Swimming pools gain the most notoriety as a source of drowningsbecause of the high number of pools, and drownings in the country. Fences are most effective in preventing drownings when the pool isnot in use. The victimswere discovered with their heads submerged and their feet in the air. Others were used as catch basins under leaky faucets, a flush forbroken toilets, and in one case, as a storage container for fish (Jumbelicand Chambliss 1952). 1988): 62.----------------------- 7 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation should begin immediately after thechild is pulled from the water and continue for a reasonable period oruntil other rescuers arrive. Emergency caregivers should assume a cervical spine injuryhas occurred if the victim was diving, fell from a height or into shallowwater, or if the drowning occurred as the result of a boating accident(Barker and Higgins 58). Theproblem with these items is that young children, naturally curious, bendover to look into the object, fall in, and are unable to remove themselvesbecause of their lack of coordination and high center of gravity. As a result, a number ofmunicipalities have passed strict pool fence legislation ("Child Drownings"68 ). Lapse in supervision still remains the single most common cause ofdrownings. Such statistics reinforce the need for prompt attention to drowningvictims. However, a hypothermic victim rewarmed byexternal application of too much heat can succumb to rewarming shock. Such a lapse can occur in the home (where buckets and toiletsattract toddlers' attention), and near lakes and pools. 1989): 7 -94."Child Drownings and Near Drownings Associated With Swimming Pools." Journal of the American Medical Association 264 (8 Aug. Infants and toddlersare most at risk: as many as 45 percent of all cases involve children notyet one year old (Jumbelic and Chambliss 1952). Antibiotics and prophylacticcorticosteroids should not be given to victims until their condition hasbeen stabilized at a proper care facility. During 1989, swimming pools accounted for between 55 and 8 percentof all childhood drowning deaths in the United States. In one study of Cook County, Illinois, 24 percent of child drowningsfrom 1985 through 1989 resulted from these industrial buckets. Drowning ranks second only to motor vehicle accidents as the mostcommon cause of accidental deaths among children. If there isthe possibility of cervical spine injury, the victim should be properlyimmobilized. This research focuses onreasons behind drownings, how they can be prevented and medical problemsresulting from near drownings. The only long-term effect of her ordealwas a slight tremor that has shown progressive improvement. This, inturn, leads to accumulation of lactic acid in cold pooled peripheral blood. For the purposes of this research, neardrownings are classified as a life threatening incident in which childrenare found face down or under the surface of water. Swimming pools and bathtubs are culprits in childhood drownings thatare recognized hazards by most parents and individuals providing child care("Child Drownings" 68 ). Almost 5 children per1 , drown each year in the United States alone. Manufactured for industrial uses and forshipping, individuals recycle them for home use. This stability is heightened when water is added (Jumbelic and Chambliss1953). This makes them particularly effective during the wintermonths in many parts of the country. In fact, a completely empty bucket isunlikely to tip over even when a small child climbs or falls in head first. A heart which has just resumed beatinggenerally cannot tolerate this shock, and fibrillation and death may occur(Beyda, et al. "Early Resuscitation in Near Drowning." Patient Care 23 (15 Jan. Despite these efforts at education, children are always going tofall, climb or jump into water and risk drowning. However, two other common water hazards includetoilets, humidifiers, and buckets (Jumbelic and Chambliss 1952). Another 9percent were discharged with neurological impairment ("Child Drownings"68 ). A severerelative hypovolemia results by rapidly increasing the potential capacityof the peripheral vessels. One of the features ofthese buckets which make them particularly appealing for home use is theirinability to tip even when empty. 75). External warming dilates the peripheral vessels, shunting cold, acidoticblood and causing a sudden drop in core temperature and pH. They range from 34 to 38 centimeters in height and from 29 to 3 centimeters in diameter. Buckets employed in household cleaning are particularly insidious,especially the five gallon (18 liter) industrial types. "Accidental Toddler Drowning in 5- Gallon Buckets." Journal of the American Medical Association 263 (11 Apr. 7 ). Lack of a pool fence accounted for another 35percent. Her heart began beating and herpupils reacted to light when her body temperature reached 77 F and eightweeks later she left the hospital. Only in rare cases should victims not behospitalized for observation, particularly with regard to latent pulmonaryinfection (Beyda, et al. They weighapproximately one kilogram when empty, and 18 kilograms when filled withwater. Bathtubs comprised25 to 31 percent of drownings during that same time (Jumbelic and Chambliss1952). When the pool is in use,special care must be taken to ensure that children who cannot swim andyoung swimmers are always under supervision. The importance of following established medical procedures isdramatically illustrated by the experience of a two year old in Salt LakeCity who was revived 66 minutes after she fell into an ice-cold (41 degreeFahrenheit) creek. When this occurs, it is imperative thatresponsible adults be trained in emergency procedures. A nasogastric tube should not be inserted until theairway is protected. Hypothermic victims should not be rewarmed byexternal means, and multiple or repeated cardiac drugs should not be usedin cases of severe hypothermia. The bucketswere engaged in a variety of household chores, with most being used to mopfloors. Even supervised childrencan end up near drowning victims. Nurses who find themselves present when a near drowning occurs are ina unique position to help the victim. "Rescuing a Spinal Cord Injury Victim from a Pool." Nursing 19 (May 1989): 58-64.Beyda, David, et al. Thisoccurs when peripheral and splanchnic vasoconstriction in prolongedhypothermia forces tissues into an anaerobic metabolic state. In one study whichtracked the progress of near drowning victims, more than 19 percent diedafter they reached the hospital and professional assistance. Families with pools should make sure that the pool is fenced andgated properly whenever the pool is not in use. Household chores such as cleaning require that adults divide theirattention between the task at hand and watching the children in the area.If possible, adults responsible for the cleaning should try to do it whenthe children are not in the area; for example, when the children aresleeping, at school, or at a neighbors. To this end, early resuscitationprocedures have been developed since the care received immediately afterthe child is pulled from the water may determine the amount and extent ofbrain damage suffered. Two hours after her rescue she was placed on aheart-lung pump equipped with a warmer. In most cases, children were left unattended. Resisting the urge to rewarm hypothermia victims is difficult forthose lacking medical training. She apparentlyescaped serious brain damage because the cold was quick and severe, and hercells stopped burning oxygen almost immediately after immersion ("ToddlerRevived" 62). 199 ): 1952-1953."Toddler Revived After Hour Underwater." Science News 134 (23 Jul. Episodes such as this demonstrate the need for an educated publicwith regard to drownings, and the importance of quick, decisive actionafter victims are rescued. Cases in which childrenare found floating and breathing, or struggling, are not included. Since it isimpossible for a child to be watched 1 percent of the time, thoseresponsible for children need to be aware of the potential hazardsassociated with drowning and the need for increased vigilance when childrenare in those situations. These buckets areconstructed of sturdy plastic with parallel sides. Such heroics often lead tomore than one victim and decrease the chances of survival for the initialvictim. Inadequate gates and latches were tallied separately from thefence and accounted for 19 percent of the drownings ("Child Drownings"68 ). Her body temperature was 65 F when she was pulled fromthe water and CPR began. Thevolume of water in the buckets ranged from 1 to 9 percent. 199 ): 68 .Jumbelic, Mary and Michael Chambliss. Efforts should begin at once todetermine the circumstances, length and cause of immersion. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.