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CHILD ABUSE.   Term Paper ID:20755 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Definition, types, incidence, violence, family dynamics, abuser characteristics, psychology, effects on child, resocialization, legislation, National Commission on Children.... More...

10 Pages / 2250 Words 7 sources, 18 Citations, APA Format $40.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Definition, types, incidence, violence, family dynamics, abuser characteristics, psychology, effects on child, resocialization, legislation, National Commission on Children. Paper Introduction: Child Abuse Child maltreatment is not a new problem. Historically, many societies practiced infanticide for population control and to eliminate children with birth defects. Although these acts may seem horrifying at the present, in ancient times children were often abandoned, smothered, or drowned. In the distant past, kings did not hesitate to eliminate unwanted contenders for the throne. It is well-known that in China the feet of female children were bound (Walker, Bonner, & Kaufman, 1988, p. 3). Children have been treated as slaves and exploited as industrial workers. Sexual relations with children has a long and ancient history. Many religious ceremonies and initiation rights in past civilizations involved sexual activity between adults and children. Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. These olderchildren need a great deal of information and support so that the cycle ofabuse of children may be arrested. One of the reasons forthis is that traditionally children have been regarded as the property oftheir parents. Dependency, frustration, tolerance, and impulsecontrol in child abusers. Children aged younger than fiveseem to be at the greatest risk. Insatiable ego needs and childlike narcissism accompanydisappointments in career. Excessivecorporal punishment falls into this category, as does close confinementsuch as tying or binding the child or locking him into a closet. These children accept violence andchaos as the norm and often grow up to continue the pattern of abuse intheir own lives as adults. The violent mate will often describe hisrelationship with the woman as the closest that he has ever known,indicating lack of social skill. A large number of children are impaired even before birthbecause of the parent's substance addiction. Much research in the area of child abuse has centered on thecharacteristics of abusers in an effort to identify those who are likely tomaltreat their children. Statistics vary according to their source. (Saratoga, California: Century Twenty OnePublishing).The National Commission on Children (1991). Finally the parent reaches an independent stage where he or shecan manage himself, interact with the environment in a healthy way and trynew behaviors that are not abusive towards children or others (Pallone &Malkemes, 1984, p. Some children live inconditions of violence, exploitation, and thriving drug trade. Inhibitions have lessened, making childrenmore vulnerable to sexual molestation. 135). Young children who are abused have a poor levelof self-esteem, an undeveloped sexual image, and heightened risk forsuicide. As such, the parents were given a wide latitude in how theytreated their children, much as one would regard the handling of materialpossessions. Abusive parents are incompletely socialized and simply do nothave coping mechanisms for handling stress in living. Gelles found that in interviews of 96 men and 1,183 women, 73percent admitted to at least one violent incident in the course of raisingtheir children. The social changes of the 196 s and 197 s broughtchanges in sexual roles, causing marriages to end more easily and dramaticshifts in the working patterns of men and women. Children who are reared in these types of conditions becomeconstantly afraid. Conditions of crime and addictionaffect urban children. Whencombining that data with other findings, the figures are closer to 25percent of females and 1 percent of males have experienced sexual abuse(Walker, Bonner, & Kaufman, 1988, p. The Commission's report proposes a policy which includes a set ofguiding principles concerning children's basic needs, parents' roles andresponsibilities, and society's obligations. L., & Kaufman, K. In an original dissertation, Kertzman found thatabusers were high in their oral dependency needs and low in frustrationtolerance when compared to nonabusers (198 , p. Bythe mid 197 's in the United States, sensitivity to the problem of sexualabuse had increased, and research and programs have been developed in aneffort to move into prevention. They may be poor, homeless,and hungry, and they most certainly lack hope and dreams, a belief in theirfuture and a right to a happy life (National Commission on Children, 1991,p. Its policy entitled, Beyond Rhetoric: A New American Agenda forChildren and Families, summarizes the final report of the NationalCommission on Children for the year of 1991. R., & Malkemes, L. It is an imperative ascompelling as any other national disaster. Physical abuse was thefirst to be recognized by the professional community, and sexual abuse waslargely ignored. 1 ). Statistics on the existence of child abuse vary considerably becauseof differences in the definition of child abuse. (199 ). A publication from the Office of Family Policy Support and Servicescharacterizes battering fathers as angry, although often successfullydenying or masking the anger. (198 ). There is some overlap among these areas.Physical abuse involves inflicting injury such as bruises, burns, headtrauma, lacerations, or any other form of physical harm. Older children are better able to escapeor defend themselves, except in the case of sexual abuse. There is an increase in out-of-wedlock births andsingle-parent families have emerged. Theparents are too stressed to provide the nurturing, structure, and securitythat children need to grow into adulthood. In1946, John Caffey, a specialist in pediatric radiology, wrote an article inwhich he discussed unexplainable injuries in young children. 19). Thedivorce rate has increased, causing the family unit to become fragile,often poor and isolated. Food was found tosatisfy dependency needs of parents likely to abuse during times offrustration, but satisfaction from interpersonal warmth and caring hadlittle effect on frustration tolerance. The report calls for the nation to recognize that the quality of lifefor children is no longer a luxury or choice. There is denial and minimization of theextent of harm to others in the family, and limited capacity for delayedreinforcement. Other writers have found that there is a set of commoncharacteristics among abusive parents--isolation, dependence, rolereversal, low self-esteem, impulsivity, overcontrol, inadequate parenting,and lack of positive social experiences (Pallone & Malkemes, 1984, p. They often feel powerless in making decisions and improving thecircumstances of their lives. Some of these includethe fact that every American child deserves the opportunity to develop tohis or her full potential, that parents bear the responsibility for rearingtheir children, that society should support parents in that responsibility,and that children do best when both of their parents are actively involvedin their lives (National Commission on Children, 1991, p. The presenting reasons for service included financial need, behaviorproblems, health and emotional problems of the parents, and other seriousfamily dysfunction (Brown, Finch, Northen, Taylor, & Weil, 1982, p. Child abuse takes place during times of family stress and turmoil.Societal conditions have caused changes in the American family, and some ofthose changes have caused considerable vulnerability and stress. The report clearly delineatesseveral important principles and values which, if followed, would greatlyameliorate the problem of child abuse in America. This policy is thorough in its description of the nature of theproblems with children in America and the underlying societal changes thathave contributed to the decline of regard for children. The sexual revolution brought aboutthe increased sexualization of everyone, including children, as is evidentfrom advertising and the media. Children are a declining portion of the population; there aregreater numbers of births outside of marriage, and more children living insingle-parent families. The nation's public social servicesystems served almost two million children during the first quarter of1977. Abused children may exhibit poor impulsecontrol, sadness, and depression along with social isolation (Boyd &Klingbeil, 199 , p. Child maltreatment may be defined as physical abuse, emotional abuse,sexual abuse, and neglect. Also there is a difference between incidence and prevalence.Incidence refers to the number of new cases arising within a certain timeperiod, and prevalence refers to all living persons at a given time thatwere at one time abused. 8). (1984). The first section of the report indicates that many American childrenare in jeopardy. S. In the distant past, kings did not hesitate to eliminate unwantedcontenders for the throne. Estimates have variedfrom a few thousand to the millions. The physicallyand sexually abused child: Evaluation and treatment. ReferencesBoyd, V. Child, family, neighborhood: A master plan for socialservice delivery. Institutions have failed to provide the support thatwas once experienced in community organizations, schools and churches(Brown, Finch, Northen, Taylor, & Weil, 1982). This may include expulsion from the home or the refusal toaccept a runaway child back into the home. One ofthe rare, most unusual forms of physical punishment is Munchausen by proxysyndrome in which parents subject children to medications, surgery, andother medical procedures that are not needed (Walker, Bonner, & Kaufman,1988, p. Many familiesexperience little or no support in their lives, and parents are strugglingwith mental health issues as well as financial obligations. You may wish to expand the paper in length inorder to use more details in the analysis.----------------------- 13 Child abuse is known to be greatlyunder-reported, and if only medical emergency room statistics are used, thefigures are lesser than those which include the whole range of emotionalabuse. In 186 Ambroise Tardieu,a Professor of Legal Medicine in Paris, wrote a paper based on the autopsyfindings of 32 children who were killed by whipping and burning, the firstdescription of what would now be called the battered child syndrome. One in four children in this country is raised by a singleparent, and half a million are born each year to teenaged girls who do notknow how to care for children. (New York: Child Welfare League of America, Inc.).Finkelhor, D. L. Beyond rhetoric: A newAmerican agenda for children and families. It is not apparent from this policy how suchprograms will be funded or staffed and whose values they will sustain. Each year more than a million American childrenare affected by their parent's choice to separate or end their marriages(National Commission on Children, 1991, p. Statistical charts reveal theextent of the changing demographics of the American family, and it isclearly evident that American children and families are in dramatictransition. 17). 76). There may be excessive jealousy and fearof being alone. The report indicates that the family is the basic unit of Americansociety and is the primary institution for rearing healthy children.Cultural diversity needs to be acknowledged and respected, along with theneed for strong community and religious involvement in creating anenvironment for supporting children and their parents. Parents aretaught to trust a counselor who allows the parent to become dependent uponhim or her in order that the parent may learn to establish rapport, beginto communicate, and find ways to meet emotional needs (1984, p. They may exhibit lying, stealing and cheating, and apoor definition of personal boundaries. Emotional abuse involves the use of ridicule, verbal threats, andsexual abuse is defined as the involvement of dependent, developmentallyimmature children and adolescents in sexual activities that they do notfully comprehend at a time that they are unable to give informed consent.Neglect refers to acts of omission in which the child is not probably caredfor physically in the areas of nutrition, safety, medical care, andemotional care. 2). NoteTo: Client, SalcedoFrom: Research writerRe: Social Policy on Child AbuseI found that 1 pages was insufficient to adequately cover both yourwritten outline and the printed guidelines for analysis, so I opted todiscuss your written outline rather thoroughly and use the printedguidelines in a general way. Child Abuse Child maltreatment is not a new problem. The medical profession was the first to recognize that unexplainedillness and injury in children needed attention. Public and private agenciescollaborate to serve troubled families and dependent children, and fostercare has been used as an alternative to home situations that are dangerousor harmful to vulnerable children. The American HumaneAssociation reported in 1983 that approximately 1.5 million children weremaltreated during the year. Freud's patients reported many sexual incidents fromchildhood, but he concluded that those memories were merely fantasy. 17). 18). The National Commission on Children was established by Public Law 1 -2 3 in 1987 to serve as a bipartisan body to protect the children of thenation. Manyreligious ceremonies and initiation rights in past civilizations involvedsexual activity between adults and children. This document identifies many ofthe characteristics of the changing American family and principles foraction to improve the quality of life for American children. They grow up in families whose lives are in turmoil. In a technological society, adults are dependent upon wages forsurvival, and the mothers of young children have gone to work inunprecedented numbers. Legislation has provided provision for public child welfare services,principally through Title V of the Social Security Act and Title XX (Brown,Finch, Northen, Taylor, & Weil, 1982, p. 4). Thesefractures were often associated with subdural hematomas (Walker, Bonner, &Kaufman, 1988, p. (1988). E., Bonner, B. (New York: TheFree Press).Kertzman, D. The nature of the problem is further defined in the first section ofthe report. Sexually victimized children. Pallone and Malkemes describe a resocialization model that has provento be an effective intervention to stop the cycle of abuse. 3).Children have been treated as slaves and exploited as industrial workers.Sexual relations with children has a long and ancient history. At this stage of resocialization, the parent and the counselor forman interdependent relationship in which the parent learns to identifyproblems, learn problem-solving skills, and develop alternative patterns ofbehavior. 5). This may take the form of parentingclasses, health information, and access to birth control. Atthis stage the abusive parent generally experiences an identity crisis andquestions everything about himself and his life. 6). Helping parents who abusetheir children: A comprehensive approach for intervention.(Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. No matter how the statistics are computed, it is evident that childabuse is a major problem in American society today. One of five children is living beneath thepoverty level. (1979). (Washington, D.C.: U.S.Government Printing Office).Pallone, S. It includes anemphasis on education and support for adolescents so that young persons maylearn better ways of mating and forming new family groups. 8).Placing these characteristics in a theoretical framework allows one to seethat abusive parents have not developed normally themselves. Although these acts may seem horrifying atthe present, in ancient times children were often abandoned, smothered, ordrowned. Reported statistics generally indicate thatapproximately 6 % of maltreated children are neglected rather than abused(Walker, Bonner, & Kaufman, 1988, p. In manyfamilies both of the parents work, and the child is cared for by someoneelse or not at all. Remarriage and thepresence of step-parents increases the likelihood of sexual abuse ofchildren (Finkelhor, 1979, p. Break the silence: Stopthe violence. Children in these types of dysfunctional familiesoften are psychologically and emotionally mated to parents of the oppositesex in destructive ways in order to preserve the family homeostasis. 6). Presently, all the states in the United States have laws regardingmandatory reporting of child abuse and have services to provide forchildren and families in which abuse has occurred. The move from an agrarian society to anindustrial and technological society has been accompanied by a move fromextended family living to alienating urban living. (Arlington, Virginia: Office of Family Policy Support andServices).Brown, J. Childprotective services may report one set of figures and the police another. The children are often used as pawns in order that theabusive parents may exert power and control (Boyd & Klingbeil, 199 , p.19). H., Finch, W. In a study done with New England college students,Finkelhor reported that 19.2 percent of the women and 8.6 percent of themen indicated that they had been sexually maltreated as children. A., Northen, H., Taylor, S. D., & Klingbeil, K. Thomas, Publisher).Walker, C. H., & Weil, M.(1982). One of the most surprising facts regarding child abuse is that it hasonly been recognized as a problem in recent times. It is well-known that in China the feet offemale children were bound (Walker, Bonner, & Kaufman, 1988, p. The reportconcludes with general indications for ensuring the economic security ofthe nation's children, improving health, and creating policies and programsthat will be effective. 17). According tothe developmental stages of psychologist Erikson, the adult has notsuccessfully completed the developmental tasks necessary to rear childrenin a loving manner because that simply is not a part of his immatureexperience. He wasespecially interested in multiple fractures of the long bones in infantswhich were found to be in several different stages of healing. Historically, manysocieties practiced infanticide for population control and to eliminatechildren with birth defects. The Chairman notes that thenation's weaknesses and strengths are nowhere more evident that in the well-being or lack in the country's children. (New York:Pergamon Press). C. Many of these children areunloved and left to fend for themselves in dangerous neighborhoods. Oftenthey lack the most rudimentary physical care. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.