A 

Abortion
Accounting
Advertising
Africa
African-American Studies
Aging
Agriculture
American Indian Studies
Anthropology
Archaeology
Architecture
Argumentative
Art: Artists (Alphabetized)
Art: General
Become an Affiliate and Earn $$$
Biographies (Alphabetized)
Book Reviews (Non-Fiction) (Alphabetized)
Business: Companies (Alphabetized)
Business: General
Business: Industries (Alphabetized)
Business: International
Business: Small
California
Canada
Caribbean
Child Abuse
China
Communication: Journalism
Communication: Language & Speech
Communication: Media
Communication: Non-Verbal
Communication: Television
Communication: Television & Children
Communism
Computer Science
Consumerism
Criminal Justice: General
Criminal Justice: Juvenile Delinquency
Criminal Justice: Police Science
Criminal Justice: Prisons
Cuba
Death & Dying: Euthanasia
Death & Dying: General
Death & Dying: Suicide
Drama: American
Drama: English
Drama: World
Drugs: Alcohol
Drugs: General
Economics: Banking
Economics: Economists (Alphabetized)
Economics: General
Economics: Inflation
Economics: International Trade
Economics: Macroeconomics
Economics: Microeconomics
Economics: Taxation
Education: Administration
Education: Curriculum
Education: General
Education: Higher
Education: Physical
Education: Psychology
Education: Reading
Education: Special
Education: Teaching Methods
Education: Theory
Energy: General
Energy: Nuclear
Energy: Solar
Environmental Studies
Evolution
Family & Marriage
Films: Artists (Alphabetized)
Films: General
Finance: Companies (Alphabetized)
Finance: General
Former Soviet Union: Post-1990
France
Gender & Sexuality
Geography
Germany
History: Ancient Greek & Roman
History: European
History: Great Britain
History: U.S. (After 1865)
History: U.S. (Before 1865)
History: U.S. Presidency
History: U.S. Presidents (Alphabetized)
Homosexuality
Immigration
India
Indonesia
International Relations: Arms Control
International Relations: Cold War
International Relations: Non-U.S.
International Relations: U.S.
Japan
Jewish Studies
Korea
Labor
Latin America
Law: Business
Law: Capital Punishment
Law: General
Law: International & Non-U.S.
Law: Supreme Court
Leadership
Literature, American: Authors (Alphabetized)
Literature, American: Faulkner
Literature, American: Fitzgerald
Literature, American: General
Literature, American: Hawthorne
Literature, American: Hemingway
Literature, American: Melville
Literature, American: Poe
Literature, American: Steinbeck
Literature, American: Twain
Literature, English: Authors (Alphabetized)
Literature, English: Chaucer
Literature, English: Conrad
Literature, English: Dickens
Literature, English: General
Literature, English: Joyce
Literature, English: Lawrence
Literature, English: Shakespeare
Literature, English: Swift
Literature, General: Children
Literature, General: Classic (Greek & Roman)
Literature, General: Russian
Literature, General: World
Management: General
Management: Japanese
Management: Motivation
Management: Theory
Management: Women
Marketing: Companies (Alphabetized)
Marketing: General
Marketing: Plans
Mathematics
Medical: Aids
Medical: Dentistry
Medical: Diseases & Disorders (Alphabetized)
Medical: General
Medical: Nursing
Mexican-American Studies
Mexico
Middle East: Egypt
Middle East: General
Middle East: O.P.E.C.
Military
Music: Classical
Music: General
Mythology
Nutrition
Parapsychology/Occult
Philosophy: Ancient Greek
Philosophy: Descartes
Philosophy: Eastern
Philosophy: General
Philosophy: Kant
Philosophy: Sartre
Poetry: American
Poetry: English
Poetry: Milton
Poetry: World
Political Science: Elections & Campaigns
Political Science: Foreign
Political Science: Lobbyists & Pressure Groups
Political Science: Machiavelli
Political Science: Mill
Political Science: Political Theory
Political Science: U.S.
Psychology: Behaviorism
Psychology: Child & Adolescent
Psychology: Disorders
Psychology: Dreams
Psychology: Experimental
Psychology: Freud
Psychology: General
Psychology: Jung
Psychology: Physiology
Psychology: Piaget
Psychology: Rogers
Psychology: Social
Psychology: Testing
Psychology: Therapies
Public Administration: General
Public Administration: Government Agencies (Alphabetized)
Racism
Real Estate
Recreation & Leisure
Religion: Eastern
Religion: General
Religion: Islam
Religion: The Bible
Research: Completed Studies (With Statistics & Results)
Research: Designs & Proposals
Research: Statistics & Methodology
Russia: Pre-1917 Revolution
Science: Astronomy
Science: Biology
Science: General
Science: Genetics
Sociology: Durkheim
Sociology: General
Sociology: Marx
Sociology: Social Problems
Sociology: Social Theory
Sociology: Social Welfare
Sociology: Weber
Soviet Union: 1917-1990
Sports: Drugs
Sports: General
Technology
Transportation: Automotive
Transportation: Aviation
Transportation: General
Transportation: Railroads
Urban Studies
Vietnam
Women Studies
 

FRANCE & EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.   Term Paper ID:24139 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines history & goals of EC & French resistance & cooperation. Legalities, economics, politics, banking, conflicts with Germany & Japan, protectionism.... More...

13 Pages / 2925 Words 16 sources, 23 Citations, TURABIAN Format $52.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Examines history & goals of EC & French resistance & cooperation. Legalities, economics, politics, banking, conflicts with Germany & Japan, protectionism. Paper Introduction: INTRODUCTION The countries of Europe long dreamed of a Europe without borders, a Europe without trade barriers or barriers to the free flow of goods and people from one country to another. The dream came closer to a reality with the creation of the European Community and specifically with the adoption of the Maastricht Treaty as a step in an ongoing process leading one day to a Europe united in more than trade. This prospect has created fears among some, however, and some of the member states, or their leadership, have seen the developing EC as a challenge to their sense of sovereignty and autonomous rule. At present, the EC as constituted since 1992 is an economic common market, spurred to integration by the perception that only in this way would Europe be able to compete in the future against the growing Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. At present, the EC as constituted since1992 is an economic common market, spurred to integration by the perceptionthat only in this way would Europe be able to compete in the future againstthe growing Asian market and the continuing American market. Bernard Bosson, France's Europeanaffairs junior minister, proved how dedicated the government was byspending over $1 million on public relations to reach outside the businesscommunity and into French homes. Multiparty systems also seem to be in the majority inEurope, and this is reflected in the proportional representation whichrules elections for legislatures. New York: St. No EEC member country did as much asFrance, though many were actively pursuing similar goals.[8] The banking industry in France had an important role in integration,but at the same time it raised a number of issues. can only be achieved if Europe is to pull together to counter growing economic threats from the USA and especially Japan.[13] France has also been obsessed with Japan, especially with referenceto the automobile industry. The mostdominant form of government today is some form of parliamentary governmentwith a prime minister generally chosen from the political party with thelargest number of seats. Some have called for a postponement of the single currencybeyond 1999,[23] but France remains committed to that goal at the presenttime. Before the decay of the Soviet Union, aunified Germany was considered a good thing, a country able to exploit thedrive to modernize communist Europe and the Soviet Union.[11] The French response to the perception that a playing field is notlevel has been protectionism. "The Two Souls of Marianne: National Sovereignty versus Supranationality in Europe." In M. Thepeople have not taken well to this requirement and have stageddemonstrations across Europe in protest.[19] One reason the french continue to support the European Monetary Union(EMU) so assiduously is because the French see this as a way of harnessingthe economic power of Germany to French purposes.[2 ] The MaastrichtTreaty was a byproduct of German reunification, and the purpose of theMonetary and Political Union, designed in Maastricht in December 1991, wasto keep the reunified Germany within the Western European orbit. Jacques Delors, ECCommission president, has been a strong and popular political figure inFrance. Regional economic goals have also clashed with the overall growth aims of the community.[6] France was seen as being in a unique position to be a majorbeneficiary of integration. France has expressed concernsabout the German role, and it has instituted protectionist policies againstJapan that remain a sore point. Among those inprison are cabinet ministers, mayors, and leading industrialists.Laughland finds that these problems have been brought about by thecorporatist structures of French politics, with the political leadershipbeholden to the competing claims of trade unions, trade associations,political parties, government establishments such as the civil service orthe health system, and similar groups. Howorth (eds.), 141-159. [18]"French Nerves A-Jangling," The Economist (September 21, 1996), 49. The building of Europe was supported by 85 percent of the Frenchpublic in May 1984, 15 percent more than in 1979, and respondents attachedparticular importance to the role of a partnership between France andGermany in the integration process.[15] THE DEVELOPING RESPONSE TO THE EC Laughland points out that France is a revolutionary country but thatthe French political structure is corrupt. Even in terms of economic goals, the Community has been faced with incompatible objectives: there has been an uneasy relationship between fostering competition within the EC and the need to develop large efficient companies able to compete on the global scale. Prime Minister Edith Crosson, forinstance, was criticized for her manner toward opponents and plagued byquestions about her relationship with President Francois Mitterand, whonamed her to her position. Howorth(eds.), Europeans on Europe (New York: St. In 1995, Jacques Chiracmade employment the central issue in his presidential campaign. Theonly EC nation seen as having the possibility of continued growth in autooutput is France, in part because of French moves toward protectionism.France announced early that it would maintain a registration limit of 3percent on new Japanese vehicles until French automakers are givenreciprocal access in Japan. Portugal and Spain had low laborcosts and open markets and so also stood to benefit. Commitmentto making the EC work has been judged recently by the support offered ineach country for passage of the necessary Maastricht Treaty, which Francedid approve in 1992. A study undertaken by a panel of four London-based economists and strategists who discussed implications of the EuropeanCommunity's barrier-free trading plan showed that France appeared to bebetter prepared for integration. BibliographyAdam, N. "Over the Horizon: A European Central Bank." International Management (April 1988), 39-4 .Banks, Arthur S. Some industries stood to gain more than did others--commuter airlines would prosper from deregulation, while small banks andfood processing companies would be forced to consolidate.[7] France showed great dedication to the principles of economicintegration in the years before 1992. This prospect has createdfears among some, however, and some of the member states, or theirleadership, have seen the developing EC as a challenge to their sense ofsovereignty and autonomous rule. After this, the EEC would have the ability tolegislate in areas considered important for the completion of the singleinternal market.[3] The SEA regulates all the activities of the EC and was alsoresponsible for all policy development geared toward the creation andimplementation of a single market by the end of 1992, a date that has nowpassed so that a single market is in place. In 1988, the Socialists were 13 seats short of an absolutemajority in the Assembly yet were able to form a government with thesupport of other leftists and right-centrists.[1] French politics has been subject to shifting coalitions and changingviews of the world for some time, and some concerns have been raised aboutthe leadership in recent years because of perceptions of undue influenceand questions about competence. The SEA reinforced the obligations of theCommunity to adopt measures that would lead to a single internal market, anarea in which goods, persons, services, and capital move freely.[5] FRANCE AND A UNIFIED EUROPE The unification of the twelve nations of Europe was set for 1992.World conditions changed, however, and the disintegration of the SovietUnion and the Eastern bloc created new opportunities even as it created newconcerns and tensions. Europe 1992 & the New World Power Game. "The Unfinished Chrysalis: Market Forces and Protectionist Reflexes in France." In M. However, this was after generating a great deal ofcontroversy, and the approval was construed as narrow. Martin's, 1992), 29-3 . Maclean & J. Two proposals bythe EC are considered absolutely central to French policy: 1) the processof economic integration in Europe; and 2) the proposal of a monetary union. FRANCE The countries of Europe developed their political structures based oncertain shared traditions as well as regional differences. Martin's, 1992.Powell, Bill. [22]"Roadblocks to Monetary Union," 8. Howorth (eds.), 21-39. The EC also sought toensure the free movement of persons, services, and capital by abolishingmember state laws which discriminated between natural persons or legalentities, services, and capital originating in other member states on thebasis of nationality or origin. Howorth (eds.)Europeans on Europe (New York: St. . The means taken toaccomplish this was first by the integration of the economies of thesecountries on a sectoral basis, and the Treaty of Paris in 1952 was thefirst step in this process. In 199 , public opinion polls showed that he had a 58 percentsupport rating, making him the most popular socialist politician inFrance.[2] His popularity clearly did not translate directly into supportfor the EC, though, or the controversy that developed would not have doneso. [6]Ibid., 113. Bruce, "1992 'Is Upon Us.'" International Management (1988January), 44-46. Those who oppose integration have used the fears of thepublic and have argued about certain issues of autonomy, concerns aboutspecific industries, and a general fear of losing control of the borders.This has been effective in a France where immigration battles have beentaking place over the last several years based on the perception that thereare too many foreigners in France and that they are taking French jobs anddestroying French culture. In1989 France was involved in only 35 of the more than 8 joint venturesdeveloped between EC countries and Eastern European markets.[12] Over the past 4 years, ever since the end of World War II, Francehas had trouble coming to terms with her role as a second-class worldpower. Banks, Political Handbook of the World: 199 (CSAPublications, 199 ), 217. This is not a newconcern and has not developed as a result of pressures within the EC, butthose pressures have brought the concern to the fore once more. Recent publicopinion polls show that the technical, complicated, and opaque mechanismsof the EC and its politics are not popular in France, and this represents achange. However, unemployment figures rose instead.[17] Current French policy is directed at staying the course and atachieving a currency union along with the other members of the EC by 1999,but analysts are uncertain whether the French policy will be sufficient tokeep the French economy going long enough to reach that date. The French opposed Germanreunification largely out of fear of potential German economic dominance,and they have a point since a united Germany stands only behind the UnitedStates in terms of economic power. Nevertheless, the win-win situation within Europe. M. The signators were France, West Germany,Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Maclean, "The Unfinished Chrysalis: Market Forces andProtectionist Reflexes in France," in M. The dissolution of the Soviet Union was unforeseenby those who started the process of European economic integration.Certainly the disappearance of the Soviet threat altered the defensiveposture of the EC states, but it also altered their economic outlook.There is an added burden in the Eastern European states now in need ofsupport and economic aid as they try to develop a capitalist economicstructure. To comply with the Directive, France removed thecurrent ceiling on franc-dominated lending to nonresidents by French banksand allow all French residents--individuals and businesses--to open bankaccounts abroad.[9] France was also willing to support a central bank inEurope in order to reduce the power of banks in other member states, thoughthe French banking industry had concerns about such a move. In subsequent years, the six memberstates widened the scope of economic integration, broadening it to allmajor economic sectors, with a particular provision for atomic energy. [23]Ibid., 9.----------------------- 1 [14]Ibid., 31. In country after country similarprovisions are found for selecting a prime minister and for structuringgovernment, though these nation-states were formed and adopted theirconstitutions at different times and under different circumstances. Williams, The European Community: The Contradictions ofIntegration (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), 2-3. One methodbeing undertaken to achieve the goal is to reduce public-sector spending,beginning with the country's first real reduction in central-governmentspending since 1958.[18] All the countries of the European Union face aperiod of austerity, and this has required France, among others, to keep totight limits on budget deficits, inflation, and government spending. In 1981, theSocialist victory led to a short-lived alliance called the Union for theNew Majority. [1 ]N. While the French may have a justified fearof being left behind by the advancement of Germany, protectionism is notwhat is needed. France doesnot manage to rise above these battles, and Laughland cites the situationwith reference to the EC as a policy that proves this. The Economics of the European Community. The major elements of the systemstill operate within a continually changing set of electoral andparliamentary alliances. "French Banks Face Challenge of a Single Financial Area." European Trends (1988)(3), 56-61.Williams, A. It was believed that certain commonalities existed andthat these could be and should be encouraged. [11]M. France was set to prepare for the single marketand created the Competition Council as an independent, 16-member decision-making team for the reform and improvement of French industry andspecifically to foster competition. TheEC today consists of twelve states, with the original six being joined bythe United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, and Portugal. Some European countries still have a monarchy, though this islargely relegated today to the position of head of state rather than headof the government, meaning that the monarch is a symbol of the unity of thenation and serves a ceremonial function without participating directly inthe promulgation or passage of laws. Liscio, "Europe 1992: A Truly Common Market?," Barron's (1988,October 3), 8-9, 2 -36. It was evident to all member statesby the late 198 s that the EEC was bent on eliminating all remainingbarriers to trade within the EEC by the end of 1992, and once the SingleEuropean Act was passed in 1986, everyone was convinced that integrationwould become a reality. [16]John Laughland, "Why France Doesn't Work," National Review (October28, 1996), 28. Europeans on Europe. [5]Williams, 5. some countries have a president who participatesin the selection, while others have the prime minister as the head of thegovernment. [19]Bill Powell, "Days of Rage in Paris," Newsweek (December 11, 1995),51. Maclean & J. Sutton, "French Banks Face Challenge of a Single Financial Area." European Trends (1988)(3), 56-61. Germany, on the otherhand, seemed the least committed to the goals of 1992 because of theattitudes of unions and the government, though Germany did emerge as amajor force in the EC. "Why France Doesn't Work." National Review (October 28, 1996), 28-29.Liscio, J. [4]A.M. French policy has also encountered growingopposition within France because the necessary sacrifices are beinginstituted at a time of economic trouble and high unemployment, and it isnot clear if the government will be able to hold out and maintain itspolicy in the face of growing public opposition. HISTORY OF THE EC The European Communities were established after World War II as ameans of preventing tensions that might develop between the major WesternEuropean nations. Martin's, 1992), 145-147. In addition to the economic andpolitical concerns that affect all the states of Europe in some degree,France is especially concerned about cultural issues and about any threatto the perpetuation of French language and culture. [7]J. The treaty formed theEuropean Coal and Steel Community. CONCLUSION The goals of the EC remain vitally important to France as they havebeen from the beginning of the process. Supporthas not always been as strong in the French business community or among theFrench people. & B. Riemenschneider, "The Two Souls of Marianne: NationalSovereignty versus Supranationality in Europe," in M. [15]R. Politics in France. Sjogren. Sjogren, Europe 1992 & the New World Power Game (NewYork: John Wiley & Sons, 199 ), 151. [12]M. Martin's, 1992."Roadblocks to Monetary Union," World Press Review (April 1996), 8-9.Silva, M. Maclean & J. This is true of all Europeancountries in some degree, but a government is judged on how well it is ableto rise above these conflicts in the name of the common good. Maclean & J. Political Handbook of the World: 199 . The European Community: The Contradictions of Integration. After hewas elected, Chirac stated that his policies would have the single aim ofeliminating unemployment. Asurvey of these countries shows the similarities and the differences andalso shows that the trend overall has been toward a republican form ofgovernment, which is becoming the norm even in former dictatorships and inEastern Europe. Other countries ofEurope face the same issues, and problems in the auto market have alsocreated problems for Germany, Belgium, Italy, and the Netherlands. A major political battle formed around theMaastricht Treaty and the European Community, with support for the treatywaning in the final days before it was to be voted upon. France labors under a multiparty system that has experiencedconsiderable change since World War II. El-Agraa, The Economics of the European Community, (New York:Philip Allan, 199 ), 474-475. "Days of Rage in Paris." Newsweek (December 11, 1995), 51-52.Riemenschneider, R. The question facing France was whether German success wouldhelp or hurt her trading partners in the EC: In fact, German economic strength is unlikely to increase Europe's share of world markets after 1992 because those sectors in which she is dominant tend to be markets of the past, no characterized by low growth (cars and machine tools), while her share of high technology markets, the high-growth sectors of the future, is in decline. [17]Ibid., 28. The problem is that France has beenslower to react to such opportunities than have other EC countries. New York: St. Divergences between member states have been related to the balanceof economic interests within each member state and to each state's rolewithin the European and the larger world economy: The contradictions of integration run much deeper than a conflict between the divergent interests of member states. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 199 .Singer, Daniel. French policytoward the EC is still evolving and has to be considered in terms ofbroader French policy concerns, both internal and external. [21]Daniel Singer, "The Continent Divided," The Nation (1993, January25), 83. In the 1986 elections, the Socialists remained the largestsingle party, but the Socialists had to yield control of the government toa new alliance. Aninstrument amending the original Treaties was adopted for the first time in1986. [13]Ibid., 3 -31. This gavemore power to the Germans than was intended, which would be a sore pointfor France.[21] France has more recently suffered from other results ofthe imposition of the Maastricht criteria: Crippling strikes by public-sector unions, student protests, plummeting poll ratings for president jacques Chirac and his prime minister, Alain Juppé--all are seen as the result of France's need to reduce government borrowing to the level decreed in Maastricht.[22]Only Germany and Luxembourg have to date been able to meet the Maastrichtcriteria fully. Adam, "Over the Horizon: A European Central Bank."International Management (April 1988), 39-4 . The dream came closer to a realitywith the creation of the European Community and specifically with theadoption of the Maastricht Treaty as a step in an ongoing process leadingone day to a Europe united in more than trade. France seems to want a central bank in orderto reduce the political and economic dominance of Europe by Germany.[1 ] FRANCE AND GERMANY Many member states believe that France has been obsessed with issuesrelated to the economic power of Germany. Silva & B. However, neither of these proposals is meant to facilitate free trade orto encourage economic liberalization: They are intended instead to create a unified economic "space" which, as French and German politicians tirelessly repeat, will enable "the European model" to be preserved against the encroachments of "Anglo- Saxon values."[16]The Germans have rejected the imposition of what they call "Anglo-Saxonvalues" such as transparent balances and short-termism, and Laughland saysthis policy is suffocating the French economy. Supporters of thetreaty predicted dire consequences if it were defeated. In February of 1988,the European Community Commission published the proposed Second BankingCoordination Directive, intended to have the following effects: 1) removethe remaining internal EC barriers to freedom of establishment in thebanking sector; and 2) allow for full freedom of banking services acrossnational frontiers. There aretwelve nations in the EC, of which France is one of the most important aswell as one of the most difficult. Europeans on Europe. However, the EEC countries have shown differingattitudes toward this concept, and many have doubts that such aninstitution would work. "Europe 1992: A Truly Common Market?" Barron's (October 3, 1988), 8-9, 2 -36.Maclean, M. France was one of the first member states in the European Community.Support for the EC has been strong from most French governments. This is seen in the fact that anumber of well-known public figures are presently in jail or are beinggiven very close scrutiny by the judiciary in that country. [9]M. Instead, French firms should establish themselves in thenew, expanding markets of the East. The Single European Act (SEA) was passed in 1986, taking effect in1987, and it can also be considered an amendment of the original Treaty,with the intention of reforming the structure of the EEC to make it moreefficient and less unwieldy. A survey in 199 showed that 55 percent of theFrench people feared the economic power of Japan.[14] Riemenschneider notes that this issue has to be seen as bound withFrench ideas of national sovereignty and with French reluctance tosurrender some of that sovereignty to an external body. New York: Philip Allan, 199 ."French Nerves A-Jangling," The Economist (September 21, 1996), 49-5 .Laughland, John. What developed was a European MonetarySystem (EMS) to successfully keep 8 of the 12 EEC currencies within anarrow exchange rate band. CSA Publications, 199 .Bruce, L. Different parties exist today than were prevalentafter the war, and changing coalitions have led to the creation of neworganizations ordered around specific issues and concepts. . Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.----------------------- [1]Arthur S. [3]A.M. [8]L. "The Continent Divided." The Nation (January 25, 1993), 81-83.Sutton, M. London: Chambers, 199 El-Agraa, A.M. France has come to see Europe as a means of achieving nationalobjectives, and the current national consensus holds that the single marketis an opportunity for France to reaffirm her historic role in Europe and inthe world. INTRODUCTION The countries of Europe long dreamed of a Europe without borders, aEurope without trade barriers or barriers to the free flow of goods andpeople from one country to another. [2]Ian Derbyshire, Politics in France (London: Chambers, 199 ), 189. The SEA also regulates thedevelopment of policy for other aspects of European Community relations,including the following areas of concern: 1) the environment; 2) the promotion of health and safety at work; 3) research and development in technology; 4) the strengthening of economic and social cohesion enabling weakermembers to participate fully in a freer market; and 5) cooperation in economic and monetary policy.[4] The creation of a common market between the member states began withthe creation of a customs union by means of the elimination of customduties and quantitative restrictions (non-tariff quotas) on goodsoriginating in the member states and with the application of a CommonCustoms Tariff to goods originating from outside countries, after which thelatter enter into free circulation within the EC. Any move by the EC that has appeared toenhance the position of the Japanese has been opposed by France aspotentially detrimental to French automotive interests. Advocatesargued that a common EEC currency managed by an EEC central bank was theproper main goal for the EEC. One reason was because France had relaxedmany internal controls prior to this. In addition to political obstacles, the EuropeanCurrency Unit failed to gain widespread acceptance in Europe. "1992 'Is Upon Us.'" International Management (January 1988), 44-46.Derbyshire, Ian. The EuropeanMonetary Cooperation Fund helps with financing intervention by individualcentral banks within the EMS. [2 ]"Roadblocks to Monetary Union," World Press Review (April 1996), 8. Williams finds that tensions were inevitablegiven that the process of integration is largely capital-driven and thatthere were sharp divergences of interest between member states from thestart. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.