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FOREIGN IMPACT ON KOREA IN LATE 19TH CENT.   Term Paper ID:24962 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines Chinese, Japanese & Amer. political models & their impact on evolution of Korean govt.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Examines Chinese, Japanese & Amer. political models & their impact on evolution of Korean govt. Paper Introduction: MAJOR MODELS THAT INFLUENCED THE EARLY-MODERN POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF KOREA IN THE LATE-NINETEENTH CENTURY This research examines the major models that influenced the early-modern political development in Korea in the late-nineteenth century. This examination identifies the model that exerted the greatest influence, and an attempt is made to establish reasons why this model proved to be the most influential. The thesis of this research is that three major models exerted the greatest influence on the political development of Korea in the late-nineteenth century, and that these three models were the Chinese model, the Japanese model and the American model. This thesis is extended to hold that the Japanese model exerted the greatest influence on political dev Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. When the strongcentral government was established as a part of the Meiji Restoration, theexisting village and agrarian structure was incorporated into the newgovernmental structure. (1993). The history of Korea. Koreadeferred to China in most important decisions (Lone & McCormack, 1993). The thesis of this research was that three major models-Chinese,Japanese, and American-exerted the greatest influence on the politicaldevelopment of Korea in the late-nineteenth century. The reformers, however, continued to promote either theJapanese or the American model, although the decreasing popularity of theJapanese in Korea made the position of the Japanese faction difficult (Han,197 ). Lee, K-b. Institutional reform, however, wasessential if they were to thrive in the emerging modern world.Nevertheless, many influential people within Korea resisted any effort atinstitutional reform, insisting that the only acceptable strategy was themaintenance of the status quo and continuing to isolate the country fromthe West (Lone & McCormack, 1993). Berkeley,California: University of California Press. Korea's place in the sun. (197 ). Similar relationshipsprevail among countries within a Confucian value structure. Russia, among the European powers, managed to develop the strongestposition within Korea (Han, 197 ). Lanham, Maryland: UniversityPress of America, Inc. The abortive coup was suppressed by the Chinese(Han, 197 ). The Independence Club included many Koreans who had studied Westernlearning in Protestant missionary schools. (1997). The Korean leadership was persuadedthat it could withstand any Western attempt to forcibly eliminate thecountry's isolation. Cumings, B. C. The traditional relationshipbetween patron and client defined social intercourse within Korea, as wellas the country's relationship with China (Shi, 1988). The transformation in Japan were inspirational to many people withinKorea. The findings of thisexamination substantiated this thesis. Japan was victorious over Russia, and in spite of the Korean dislikeof the Japanese, they were favorably impressed with the Asian militaryvictory over a Western power (Cumings, 1997). As opposed to the Japanese experience with the UnitedStates Navy, the Koreans burned the American ship General Sherman andkilled the crew when the ship sailed up the Taedong River in 1866 (Han,197 ). Han, W-k. Social values also were significant in the subsequentindustrialization of Japan. The Japanese reaction to the opening of its sea ports to the Americans,however, brought home to the Koreans the message that they would have toreform their political institutions if they were to become a part of andthrive in the evolving modern world. The "wu lun," orfive relationships, are ruler/subject, father/son, older brother/youngerbrother, husband/wife, and older friend/younger friend. The religious and ethical environment, thus, provided arationalization for social and economic change, while retaining anappreciation for tradition (Bellah, 1957). (1995). They promoted their reform objectives througha newspaper that had been founded by So Chae-p'il on his return to Korea in1896. Thegroup included led by Kim Ok-kyun, Kim Hong-jip, Yun Ch'i-ho, and Yu Kil-chun. Confucian theory held further that virtue consists of attempting toacquire skills and education, working hard, and being frugal, patient,persevering, and moderate in all things. A new history of Korea. Thisexamination identifies the model that exerted the greatest influence, andan attempt is made to establish reasons why this model proved to be themost influential. In fact, during this period in the late-nineteenthcentury, China exercised more or less direct control over Korea (Oh, 1995). Dr. Philip Jaisohn's reform movement-1896-1898: Acritical appraisal of the Independence Club. A group of Korean aristocrats began promoting reform along theJapanese model in the early-188 s. Further, subsequent to implementation of the Constitution,the government worked actively with the private sector is the developmentof political, economic, and social structures which promoted economicdevelopment (Smith, 1961). Lee, K-s. Glencoe, Illinois: FreePress. Stanford,California: Stanford University Press. Fromthis religious environment, evolved the Shingaku movement, which became theethical foundation of the Japanese merchant class in the nineteenthcentury, which, in turn, played a central role in the industrialization ofJapan. Nevertheless, So Chae-p'il and other reform minded Koreans formed theIndependence Club in 1896 to promote Westernization in Korea along thelines of the American model. W. He returned to Korea in 1896.In the intervening period, the Korean supporters of the Chinese model heldpower within Korea. (1988). (Trans.).Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Although Korea was an independentcountry with a unique culture, the Korean social elite were educated inChina, and Korea was governed in accordance with Chinese values. Yale Review,5 (3), pp. Theinstitutional reform and the subsequent industrialization in Japan wereattributed by the Korean holding power to Japan's perceived inferiorunderstanding of Confucian values. Kim Ok-kyun attempted a coup in 1884, leading a group that includedSo Chae-p'il, who later became the chief promoter of the American Model forpolitical reform in Korea. Each of these four factions wasable to exert some degree of influence on the political reformation ofKorea during this period, with the Japanese and American factions being themost successful in this effort (Han, 197 ). Power in the new governmental structure wasextended to all segments of Japanese society, as opposed to simply aredistribution of power among members of the former privileged (warrior)class (Smith, 1959). Eventually, a point was reached where Russia and Japan were thedominant foreign forces in Korea. Korea Since 185 . Norton &Company. So Chae-p'il fled to the United States, where he became the firstKorean to become a United States citizen. Major models that Influenced the Early-Modern Political Development of Korea in the Late-Nineteenth Century This research examines the major models that influenced the early-modern political development in Korea in the late-nineteenth century. Many Koreans also realized that they,as was true for China and Japan, had little choice about whether they wouldbecome a part of the modern world. (1984). In 191 , Japan declared that Koreawas a Japanese colony; thereby putting an end to the hopes of the variousfactions of Korean reformers (Han, 197 ). New York: St.Martin's Press. The Europeanpowers acted jointly against Japan to weaken the Japanese position inKorea. These treaties resulted inthe development of a split of the most influential Koreans into Chinese,Japanese, Russian, and American factions. One of the reform mindedKoreans who was influenced by the activities of the Independence Club wasYi Sung-man, who later took the name Syngman Rhee, who became the firstpresident of the contemporary South Korean state, the Republic of Korea(Oh, 1995). (Trans.). Meanwhile, the United States declared its open door policy in 19 butlacked the power to assure that this policy was observed. In 19 5, Japan agreed not to question the rights of the United Statesin the Philippines, which the United States had acquired in the war withSpain, while the United States agreed not to question Japan's rights inKorea. Tokugawa religion. Once the Chinese had been defeated, Japandeclared that Korea was an independent country (Han, 197 ). Honolulu:East-West Center Press. (1977). The Mieji Restoration created a strong central government, under whichthe rights of owners of small plots of land were protected, and the landcontrol of the privileged class was ended (Bendix, 1977). The Opium War between Chinaand the United Kingdom earlier in the nineteenth century (1839-1842) causedthe Korean leaders to exert strong efforts to keep both Westerners andWestern influences out of the country (Lone & McCormack, 1993). Subsequent to the implementation of theMeiji Constitution, this attitude changed, to some extent. (1959). C. New York: W. The experience of the Japanese in having their cultural and economicisolation ended under the threat of force by the United States Navy in 1853stiffened the Korean resolve to resist Western intrusions into the country. 37 -383. Shi, J. As the anger of the Korean people against Japan increased, the Koreanleadership tended to move toward the Russians, rather than toward theAmericans. The rationalizing tendencies of Japanesereligions provided the catalyst for the development of these values. In the nineteenth century, Korea was near the end of a period in whichthe country had been dominated by China. (1961). The agrarian origins of modern Japan. Nation building and citizenship. REFERENCES Bellah, R. (1957). Lone, S., & McCormack, G. Wallerstein, I. Japan, however, required more than just government encouragement andcooperation to succeed as rapidly as it did in its economic development.The combination of the strength of the state institutions established bythe Meiji Constitution, "the poverty of its resource base," which led todisinterest in the country on the part of the developed economies, and thegeographic remoteness of Japan from the developed economies created theenvironment which led to rapid economic development in Japan (Wallerstein,1979, pp. (1979). Smith, T. Japan had ended any effective Chinese influence in Korea following bymanipulating the Tonghak Movement which staged a rebellion in 1894. The UnitedStates, however, did gain some commercial concessions within Korea alongwith Japan and the European powers (Han, 197 ). This action, at once, preserved much of thetraditional structure and authority of the country, while (2) establishinga firm central control. N. Confucian theory also posited that virtuous behaviortowards others requires treating others as one would like to be treatedoneself (Lee, 1984). 65). E. W. This thesis is extended to holdthat the Japanese model exerted the greatest influence on politicaldevelopment in Korea in the late-nineteenth century, and that the reasonswhy the Japanese model prevailed among the Koreans were a combination ofdistrust of the West, disillusion with the Chinese, and an affinity withmuch of the Japanese philosophy of the day in spite of an antagonismbordering on disgust with the behavior of Japanese leaders. The capitalist world economy. Selected readings from famous Chinese philosophy.Beijing: People's University Press. This group of Koreans saw themselves asthe bearers of Korean enlightenment that would end Korea's traditionalsubordination to China and to that country's political institutions. Korean leaders, however, were cognizant of the fact that thepreeminent position of China was being transformed by the military andcommercial invaders from the Western nations. Bendix, R. Confucian values stressing social hierarchy and filial piety (whichmeans children's devotion or loyalty to their parents or family).Confucius said, "Let the prince be a prince, the minister a minister, thefather a father, and the son a son." (Shi, 1988, p. Soon thereafter, however, Japan coerced Korea into accepting andunequal treaty in 1876, wherein Japan replaced China as the country in adominant position over Korea. The Chinese model that some high-placed Koreans wanted to retain inKorea was a rather conservative Confucian model. Following this agreement, Japan assumed virtual governing controlof the supposedly independent Korea. China attempted to regain its positionrelative to Korea through manipulations of the Western powers in theiractivities in East Asia. Wagner, E. Smith, T. This activity by China resulted in Korea beingcoerced into accepting additional unequal bilateral treaties with theUnited Kingdom, the United States, and Russia. By 19 , all of the foreign powers were making efforts to establishspheres of influence in Korea. The thesis of this research is that three major models exerted thegreatest influence on the political development of Korea in the late-nineteenth century, and that these three models were the Chinese model, theJapanese model and the American model. While theextended thesis was substantiated by the findings of this examination, inthe end it did not particularly matter, as the Chinese and the Europeanswere forced out of Korea, the Americans left for greener pastures in thePhilippines, and the Japanese imposed their own model of reform. The Koreangovernment requested aid from China, and Japan sent its own army to Koreawhere it defeated the Chinese. The thesis was extended to holdthat the Japanese model exerted the greatest influence on politicaldevelopment in Korea in the late-nineteenth century, and that the reasonswhy the Japanese model prevailed among the Koreans were a combination ofdistrust of the West, disillusion with the Chinese, and an affinity withmuch of the Japanese philosophy of the day in spite of an antagonismbordering on disgust with the behavior of Japanese leaders. The Koreans had little say in what washappening to their country around the turn of the century. UnderJapanese influence, the Tonghak Movement united Koreans against the Westerncountries and the increasingly ineffective Korean government. Confucian theory positedthat the stability of society is based on unequal relationships betweenpeople that are hierarchical in character, and the family is the prototypefor all organization. Reforms were initiated in Korea from 1864 to 1873 under a powerfulleader called the Taewon'gun (who was Yi Ha-ung). Oh, S. When the two countries could not agreeon how to divide Korea between the two of them, Japan and Russia went towar. Cambridge,England: Cambridge University Press. The Japanesegovernment remained opposed to the opening of the country to outsiders, butit began to welcome outside ideas, as those ideas applied to economicdevelopment. The Tokugawa governments in Japan opposed the opening of Japan tooutsiders or to outside ideas. From thisConfucian tradition, one can understand easily why socially dominatedgroups remain less powerful than dominant groups. Yi Ha-ung successfullyreformed the Korean bureaucracy and brought new people into the bureaucracy(Cumings, 1997). Meanwhile in Japan a major reform of the country's institutionoccurred through the Meiji Restoration that began in 1868. Japan then proceeded to impose its own institutional reform on Korea.These reforms included an end to the existing civil service examinationsystem, abolishing the traditional class distinctions in Korea, an end toslavery, and establishment of modern fiscal and judicial structures (Han,197 ). 27). Japan's autocratic revolution. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.