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ASIAN IMMIGRATION TO U.S.   Term Paper ID:25622 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines role of global economic restructuring in changing immigration patterns, law, U.S. labor needs.... More...

5 Pages / 1125 Words 5 sources, 21 Citations, MLA Format $20.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Examines role of global economic restructuring in changing immigration patterns, law, U.S. labor needs. Paper Introduction: The purpose of this research is to examine factors that led to changes in patterns of Asian American immigration in recent years. The plan of the research will be to set forth the background that makes exploration of these changes relevant and then to discuss the changes in more detail as well as the most important reasons that they came about. The main factor of change in patterns of Asian immigration to America in the twentieth century can be summed up in two words from the title of the book edited by Ong, Bonacich, and Cheng: global restructuring, specifically shifts in the distribution of industrial priorities and division of labor for the benefit of holders and controllers of capital. Political policies can be seen to have played a role in this process, such as for example the Immigration Act o Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Liu andCheng (92-3) attribute some immigration of Asian women to extended-familyarrivals sponsored by American men who married Asian wives in the contextof war in Korea or Vietnam. On the other, it needs highly trained personnel"(25). since1965. or in developing countries where they could exploita lower-cost and nonunion labor pool, often comprising "peasants and oftenyoung women . Ed. 74-99.Ong, Paul, and Liu, John M. 45-73.Ong, Paul, Bonacich, Edna, and Cheng, Lucie. Ed. first-generation proletarians who are more easilycontrollable than experienced workers" (9). in far greater numbers than in years past "and nowmake up the majority of immigrants from some countries" (Ong, Bonacich, andCheng, "Political" 4). The 1965 Immigration Act opened the way for Asian immigration tochange. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1994. Similarly, Espiritu and Ong (296-7) cite class divisions amongAsians that are consistent with different immigrant classes (professionals,extended family, refugees, unskilled labor) allowed into the U.S. Ong, Bonacich, and Cheng cite themacroeconomic structure of the Pacific Rim, which includes the Americanwest coast as well as the countries of the eastern Pacific Ocean, withinflux of Asians into the U.S. "U.S. Within thiseconomic environment, social forces influence adaptation and integration ofAsian immigrants (Ong, Bonacich, and Cheng ix). But the benefit ofa cheap labor pool for capital also fostered a labor shortage in industriesrequiring educated personnel; educated Asians became a part of theinformation-based American labor pool that was meant to bring about thesecond goal (25-27). . The purpose of this research is to examine factors that led to changesin patterns of Asian American immigration in recent years. Thus avowed anti-Communists may come in contact with earliergenerations of immigrants or social activists whose politics may be more"progressive" (Ong, Bonacich, and Cheng 28-29; Espiritu and Ong 297ff). "Class Constraints on Racial Solidarity among Asian Americans." The New Asian Immigration in Los Angeles and Global Restructuring. This was afactor leading to changes in Asian American immigration because many ofthose with the education and skill sets that could meet the needs ofAmerican capital were from Asia. Thus a few Asian immigrantswere "owners, executives, and investors of major Asian transnationalbusinesses that are establishing based in the U.S. But American exploitation of cheapAsian labor partly backfired as the developing countries transformed intoso-called Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) that emerged not only assuppliers of educated personnel who would emigrate but also as industrialcompetitors in their own right, mainly Japan and the "dragons" of Asia--Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea, and Hong Kong. Beginning in the 196 s and continuing to the present, there was also aneed in the American marketplace for persons with skill sets and educationthat would fit with what Ong, Bonacich, and Cheng (8) describe as the"crisis in capitalism" that began in the 196 s when the "balance of power"in economic terms began to shift from capital, or control of the means ofproduction in basic industries, to labor. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1994. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1994. vii-xi.---. Since then, Asian womenhave entered the U.S. In part, such Asian immigrants can also be connected to actual orpotential political instability in Asia since 1965 (Liu and Cheng passim)in such countries as Vietnam (Cold War fallout), Korea (North-Southtension, political repression), Hong Kong (uncertainty over PRC takeover),and Taiwan (a "quasi" nation that the PRC says is its province). Laboring-class immigrants who sendmoney to their native countries act as beacons for family and friends whoperceive America as having unlimited opportunity (Liu and Cheng 92-4).These become embedded in a cycle of exploitable labor that is hard tobreak. There wasalso change in demographics of the immigrants themselves, with educatedmiddle class "professionals, managers, and entrepreneurs" (4) accountingfor many immigrants; before 1965 most Asian immigrants to America weremainly uneducated men from laboring classes. do not necessarilyhave education or technical skills. "Pacific Rim Development and the duality of Post-1965 Asian Immigration to the United States." The New Asian Immigration in Los Angeles and Global Restructuring. Meeting the first goal basically prevented American-born working-class educational and career-advancement opportunities. The main factor of change in patterns of Asian immigration to Americain the twentieth century can be summed up in two words from the title ofthe book edited by Ong, Bonacich, and Cheng: global restructuring,specifically shifts in the distribution of industrial priorities anddivision of labor for the benefit of holders and controllers of capital.Political policies can be seen to have played a role in this process, suchas for example the Immigration Act of 1965, which formally put an end toracial restrictions on Asian immigration (Ong, Bonacich, and Cheng viii).But ultimately the role of capitalist economic structures must be seen asdominant, inasmuch as the 1965 Act itself can be interpreted as a responseto the perception on the part of policy makers of the needs of capital forlabor that could be efficiently provided by the expansion of Asianimmigration quotas for the U.S. Other factors have also led to changes in Asian American immigration.One was economic transformation of Asia itself. industrial economicactivity in Asia and assertion of international leadership could not bepolitically reconciled with either official racist exclusion of certainimmigrants or the advancing American civil rights movement (Ong, Bonacich,and Cheng, "Political" 24; Ong and Liu 46, 49-51). Paul Ong, Edna Bonacich, and Lucie Cheng. Liu and Cheng (77) noteU.S. "The Political Economy of Capitalist Restructuring and the New Asian Immigration." The New Asian Immigration in Los Angeles and Global Restructuring. Paul Ong, Edna Bonacich, and Lucie Cheng. "Preface." The New Asian Immigration in Los Angeles and Global Restructuring. 295-322.Liu, John M., and Cheng, Lucie. being the focus of study. 3-35. In response, to weaken unionpower, American industrial capital relocated manufacturing operationseither within the U.S. Immigration Policies and Asian Migration." The New Asian Immigration in Los Angeles and Global Restructuring. In part the 1965 Act's preferential treatment ofimmigrant family members accounted for this (Ong and Liu 53). That, say Ong, Bonacich, and Cheng, wasnot anticipated by the 1965 Act, even though the weight of industrialcapitalism's influence, which was historically consistent with politicalconservatism, was behind policies that fostered a contradiction: "On theone hand, the United States wants to cut social spending, includingspending on education. Ong, Bonacich, and Cheng also cite a threat to American capital'sprofits "manifested in powerful industrial unions and in rising tax ratesthat covered expanding social services" (8). support of oppressive political regimes in Asia that fostered Americaneconomic activity in those countries. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1994. Ed. This can partly be attributed tothe American need for (rather than control per se of) technically skilledlabor, partly to the fact that many educated Asians could not find jobs intheir own country, and partly to preference that the 1965 Act gave totechnical professionals (Ong and Liu 54-5; 59). Ed. Meanwhile, there was a shift in the nature of employment in the U.S.toward a need for skilled and educated information-based workers and shiftaway from reliance on heavy industry for economic activity. Ed. Many Asian immigrants who arrive in the U.S. Paul Ong, Edna Bonacich, and Lucie Cheng. The Act was made law partly because U.S. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1994. Butthe big picture, according to essays in Ong, Bonacich, and Cheng's volume,resides in contradictory economic and political forces deriving frompriorities of American capitalistic economic structures over the course ofthe 2 th century.Works CitedEspiritu, Yen, and Ong, Paul. Paul Ong, Edna Bonacich, and Lucie Cheng. Ong, Bonacich, and Cheng (29) point out how"complex" such diverse reasons for immigration make Asian Americanpolitics. economy" (27; emphasisadded).At the lower end of the economy, another factor was white flight from theinner cities, which "left a vacuum of opportunity" for Asian-owned smallbusinesses and contract-labor shops in these areas (Ong, Bonacich, andCheng 27). Paul Ong, Edna Bonacich, and Lucie Cheng. The plan of theresearch will be to set forth the background that makes exploration ofthese changes relevant and then to discuss the changes in more detail aswell as the most important reasons that they came about. . If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.