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CIVIL WAR IN ETHIOPIA.   Term Paper ID:26087 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Origins in Eritrea province's fight for independence in 1961, causes, leaders, violence, global aspects, Haile Selassie, aftermath.... More...

5 Pages / 1125 Words 4 sources, 10 Citations, MLA Format $20.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Origins in Eritrea province's fight for independence in 1961, causes, leaders, violence, global aspects, Haile Selassie, aftermath. Paper Introduction: The civil war in Ethiopia involves a fight for independence by the province of Eritrea, and this war began in 1961. At that time, the central government in Addis Ababa, then the government of Haile Selassie, broke a United Nationssponsored autonomy plan for the region. Eritrea is the triangular northernmost province of Ethiopia. It is dominated by a range of mountains that flattens out to form the Barka Plains in the west, with an arm of the Danakil depressionone of the hottest regions on earthextending in a southeasterly direction, along the Red Sea. The Greek name for the Red Sea was Erythra Thalassa, and it is from this that Eritrea derives its name. It consists of 46,000 square miles of land, or an area about the size of Pennsylvania or Mississippi. It is believed that this region holds the key to Ethiopia's political stability and territorial Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. This body was made up equally of Christians andMuslims and accepted the draft constitution advanced by the UN commissioneron July 1 , and the constitution was then ratified by the emperor onSeptember 11. The UN General Assembly approved a resolution on September 15, 1952by a vote of forty-seven to ten, and it provided that Eritrea should belinked to Ethiopia through a loose federal structure under the emperor'ssovereignty but with a form and organization of internal self-government.The federal government would control foreign affairs, defense, foreign andinterstate commerce, transportation, and finance, while control overdomestic affairs such as police, local administration, and taxation to meetits own budget would be controlled by an elected Eritrean assembly on theparliamentary model. At that time, the centralgovernment in Addis Ababa, then the government of Haile Selassie, broke aUnited Nations-sponsored autonomy plan for the region. Eritrea is thetriangular northernmost province of Ethiopia. Some Britonsfavored a division of the territory, creating one region with the Christianareas and the coast from Mitsiwa southward to go to Ethiopia, and creatingan area to the northwest to go to Sudan. In a new report, Amnesty International documents the torture and repression carried out by the recently ousted Ethiopian regime. In August 1955, Tedla Bairu,an Eritrean who was the chief executive elected by the assembly, was forcedto resign by pressure from the emperor, who replaced Tedla with his ownnominee. The battle with the central government continued for Eritrea afterSelassie's reign and into Mengistu's. This was originally a Muslim movement,but it was also nationalist rather than Marxist and received Iraqi andSyrian support. The civil war in Ethiopia involves a fight for independence by theprovince of Eritrea, and this war began in 1961. The Representative Assembly was next transformed into theEritrean Assembly (Ethiopia: A Country Study). "The Loneliest War." The Atlantic (July 1988), 58-65.Lord, Mary. During World War II, Eritrea was placed under British militaryadministration in 1941 after the Italian surrender. Thisled to revolt in other provinces and taxed the ability of the centralgovernment to cope with all the opposition developing (Ethiopia: A CountryStudy). Years of turmoil have so interrupted education that a generation of children is illiterate (Lord 13).This latter was written at a time when it seemed the fighting was over, butit was not. During much of that time, any relief efforts were thwarted bythe central government, and the war was clearly devastating to the peopleof Eritrea: Thirty years of civil war, compounded by drought, have uprooted whole villages, disrupted farmers and strained supply routes. The war seems to be spilling over into Somalia, which couldchange the nature of the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict as well. It is believed that thisregion holds the key to Ethiopia's political stability and territorialintegrity. In 1958, several Eritrean exiles had founded the Eritrean LiberationMovement (ELM) in Cairo, under Hamid Idris Awate's leadership. To meet this deadline, theBritish held elections on March 16, 1952 for a Representative Assembly ofsixty-eight members. At least 17 million people risk starvation, many of them refugees from embattled Sudan and Somalia. A decision in 195 bythe UN General Assembly ended the British military administration bySeptember 1952, and it was replaced by a new autonomous Eritrean governmentin federal union with Ethiopia. The civil war lasted for 3 years and led to the downfall ofMengistu. By November 1962, many of the members ofthe Eritrean Assembly had been accused of accepting bribes, and theassembly voted unanimously to change Eritrea's status to that of a provinceof Ethiopia. Department of State, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ettoc.html.Kaplan,Robert D. Several countries had shown an interest in the area. The Greek namefor the Red Sea was Erythra Thalassa, and it is from this that Eritreaderives its name. The tworeached a stalemate, and Eritrea hopes to create a two-front war againstEthiopia. From the beginning of this federation, though, the emperor'srepresentative undercut the territory's separate status under the federalsystem and in contravention of the UN plan. It consists of 46, square miles of land, or an areaabout the size of Pennsylvania or Mississippi. Since the latter controlledparliament, all progressive tax proposals were vigorously opposed. U.S. It is dominated by a rangeof mountains that flattens out to form the Barka Plains in the west, withan arm of the Danakil depression--one of the hottest regions on earth--extending in a southeasterly direction, along the Red Sea. There was growing opposition to the regime of Haile Selassie duringthe last fourteen years of his reign. There had been a coup attempt in196 , after which the emperor sought to reclaim the loyalty of theopposition by stepping up reform. This new arrangement enabled Ethiopia togain limited control of a territory that was more advanced politically andeconomically, at least in its inland areas, and at the same time to regainaccess to the sea (Ethiopia: A Country Study). The state would have its own administrative andjudicial structure and its own flag (Ethiopia: A Country Study). The central government also eliminated allpolitical parties, imposed censorship, gave the top administrativepositions to Amhara, and abandoned the principle of parity betweenChristian and Muslim officials. News & World Report (June 1 , 1991), 13."Somalia--Emerging Third Front in the Ethiopia-Eritrea War?" Stratfor (April 7, 1999), http://www.stratfor.com. Hunger is only part of the problem. This wouldmake the situation worse ("Somalia--Emerging Third Front in the Ethiopia-Eritrea War?"). Tensions between Ethiopia and Eritrea continued, and recentlythey broke into open combat, with some 5 , Ethiopian and Eritreansoldiers facing one another along both sides of the border. Famine has long been a problem inEthiopia as a whole, and in the late 197 s it was a problem in Eritrea.Starvation became a means of fighting the war for the central government,but in spite of this, the Eritrean guerrilla movement grew dramatically(Kaplan 61). The Arab states sawEritrea and its large Muslim population as an extension of the Arab world,so they sought the establishment of an independent state. A Four Power Inquiry Commission was established by the World War IIAllies (Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States), but thiscommission failed to agree in its September 1948 report on a future coursefor Eritrea. A UN commission arrived inEritrea in February 195 and eventually approved a plan involving some formof association with Ethiopia, and after that, the UN General Assemblyadopted a resolution affirming this plan, with the provision that Britain,the administering power, should facilitate the UN efforts and depart fromthe colony no later than September 15, 1952. Thisorganization was soon was replaced by a new faction, the EritreanLiberation Front (ELF), in 196 . The proposal requiredthe registration of all land, and implicit in the proposal was the aim ofdestroying the power of the landed nobility. Beginning in 1961, the group turned to armed struggle andby 1966 challenged imperial forces throughout Eritrea (Ethiopia: A CountryStudy). Works Cited Ethiopia: A Country Study. Italyhad asked for Eritrea to be returned as a colony or as a trusteeship, andthis was supported at first by the Soviet Union, which anticipated aCommunist victory in a coming Italian election. The emperor next appointed the arch-conservative Ras AsrateKasa as governor general, after which the emperor was accused of"refeudalizing" the territory (Ethiopia: A Country Study). This new executive made Amharic the official language in place ofArabic and Tigrinya, terminated the use of the Eritrean flag, and movedmany businesses out of Eritrea. Without Eritrea, Ethiopia would be landlocked, as Selassiefirst and Mengistu after him understood full well: Behind all the mass executions, cabinet-level shootouts, and opaque conspiracies that helped Mengistu consolidate his power in the late 197 s lay disagreements over the conduct of the war in Eritrea (Kaplan 6 ). "Will It Improve?" U.S. There was no coherent plan for reform,however, until 1966, and that plan tried to confront the traditional forcesthrough the implementation of a modern tax system. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.