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JEWISH CONTRIBUTIONS IN U.S. CIVIL WAR.   Term Paper ID:26374 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: In South & North, as soldiers, merchants & chaplains; compared to German & Irish Catholics.... More...

21 Pages / 4725 Words 15 sources, 37 Citations, TURABIAN Format $84.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: In South & North, as soldiers, merchants & chaplains; compared to German & Irish Catholics. Paper Introduction: Jewish Contributions in the America Civil War This paper will examine the involvement of Jewish people during the American Civil War. The first part of the paper will examine the participation of Jews in the North and will discuss such issues as the appointment of Jewish chaplains and the creation of all-Jewish units. The second part of the paper will look at the experiences of Jewish soldiers in the Confederate Army. The last part of the paper will compare Jewish participation in the war to that of German and Irish Catholics, who comprised the bulk of recent immigrants to the United States. The American Civil War occurred soon after the huge immigration waves of German and Irish during the middle of the Nineteenth Century, but before the large waves of Eastern and Southern Europeans during the late Nineteenth and early Twentieth Centuries. Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. [24] Ibid. Charlotte: Stone Publishing, 1913."Letters from Robert E. [29] Louis H. These contracts became the basis for the eventual fortunes ofthe firms' owners.[6] However, they also led to one of the more infamousepisodes in the war involving General Ulysses Grant. The Jewishresidents of the Confederacy had acquired the attitudes of their Anglo-Gentile brethren and thus sought to protect their status and lifestyle. Diary of a Tar Heel Confederate Soldier. The Confederates thenwould have opened up a heavy fire against the Union troops. He subsequentlyserved in the 1st Regiment North Carolina Volunteers. His grave in the camp was marked by a small piece of wood onwhich was cut the number of his regiment and the initials of his name.After the war, his disinterred remains were brought north and buried nextto those of his brother (who had died as a child) in the old Jewishcemetery in Federal Street, Philadelphia. Consequently, there wererelatively few foreign-born troops serving in either the Union orConfederate armies. on May 6, 1864, Union II Corps began itsexpected attack on the Confederate positions, advancing more than a mile by7 a.m. They fought their way backto camp through largely superior numbers but became scattered in theconfusion. [35] Ibid. T. [3 ] Leon, 71. Jewish leaders quickly began lobbying Congress andPresident Lincoln to amend the regulations so that Jewish chaplains couldbe authorized to serve in Union regiments. [15] Journal of Michael Mitchell Allen, (http://www.jewish-history.com/civilwar.htm). Somehow,Sergeant-Major Cohen accomplished his task, helping to form the fleeingtroops into a defensive line that brought Longstreet's counteroffensive toa standstill.[2 ] Abraham Cohn soon received a commission as an officer and served withthe 6th New Hampshire until mustered out on July 17, 1865 as a 1stLieutenant. The Battleof the Wilderness started on May 5, 1864 when General Grant's Army of thePotomac confronted General Robert E. [2] Ibid. President. He finally saw his big action with the Battle ofGettysburg in July 1863: I had the good luck to be one of the twelve skirmishers to make the advance upon the enemy, and although I expected every moment would be my last, still I was as cool and calm as I am now, and would not have changed places with any one. [22] The Menorah, December 1888, reprinted in An American Hebrew'sHeroic Life: A Reminiscence of Andersonville Prison by Alice Hyneman Rhine,(http://www.jewish-history.com/civilwar.htm). However, some assumptions can be made, basedupon similar events in other Civil War battles. [28] A Tar Heel Jewish Soldier at Gettysburg: Extracts from the Diaryof Private Louis Leon, Company B, 53rd Regiment N.C. Cohen was born in Guttentag, East Prussia, in 1832; he arrivedin New York in 186 at the age of 28 along with many other German Jews.His immigration records listed him as being five-foot-five inches tall andhis occupation as "teacher," hardly the stereotype of a soldier. [33] Ibid. Many served with distinction and ultimatelywent on to lead outstanding lives. Moreover, later studies showed that immigrants wereeven underrepresented in the Union army, despite the fact that mostimmigrants during the Nineteenth Century settled in Northern and Easterncities. 28. Hyneman, along with many others, was captured after renderingassistance to two companions in their flight.[25] After having escaped being wounded throughout two years of battle,Hyneman was sent to the prison camp at Andersonville, a name which hasbecome synonymous with cruelty and death. He was not the onlyJew from Charlotte to serve; others included Second Lieutenant Solomon A.Cohen of the "Charlotte Guards and men with surnames of Engle, Israel,Katz, Leopold, Levi, and Oppenheim, who may or may not have been Jewish.Leon returned home during the Winter of 1861-62 (when the 1st N.C.Volunteers disbanded) but reenlisted in April 1862 as a private in CompanyB, 53rd Regiment N.C. One ofthe Macks also reportedly visited the general, trying to obtain the permit. LieutenantColonel Henry Pearson, the commanding officer of the 6th New Hampshire,probably assigned Sergeant-Major Cohn to collect and organize whomever hecould from those fleeing the battlefield to shore up his lines. The two largest white non-Anglo ethnic groups inthe country, the German-Catholics and the Irish, were relativelyunderrepresented in the armed forces, particularly in the Union Army. Finally, most of theimmigrant Catholics inhabited the lower economic classes and weredisinclined to participate in a "rich man's war."[36] The opposition of German and Irish Catholics to the various warmeasures passed by Congress, especially the draft, made itself visible inthe form of draft riots in various cities. 11 provoked American Jews as no other incidentduring the war. Once a dense forest of primeval pines,the camp had been rendered treeless, leaving no protection from the rain ortropical sun. Ewell's Confederate IICorps, meanwhile, was heavily engaged with Sedgwick's and Warren's troops.Lee knew that the next day Hancock would advance with 2 , veteran troopsagainst A.P. Statistics show that while 3 % of all military-age males in theUnion were born outside the United States, only 25% of the Union Army andNavy were foreign-born.[1] On the other hand, most of this under-representation was among theIrish and German Catholic populations in the United States. Years later, a classmate described Ezekiel(the cadet): "...he never could chisel himself into a pretty soldier. Michael M. At the end of this period, Hyneman found himself recuperating fromsunstroke in a hospital and looking forward to rejoining his regiment.[23] Indeed, he did rejoin his comrades within a short period of time andspent June of 1864 in a series of sharp skirmishes. [9] Ibid., McPherson, pp. Lee, newly resident in Lexington asthe president of Washington College, and Lee's wife. With no other source of water and with foodvirtually unavailable, prisoners began dying at the rate of eleven men perhour. These concerns were fueled by Northern Democratsseeking to diminish the status and influence of the Republican Party.Regardless of their ultimate causes, anti-black riots broke out in severalcities, including Cincinnati and New York during 1862. Such was thecustom of the European armies during the Napoleonic Wars and Dutch Jewishunits fought with some distinction at the Battle of Waterloo. In June 1864, Grant moved the Army of the Potomac to Petersburg,twenty-two miles south of Richmond. They fought on both sidesin similar proportions, serving in units which were comprised of men fromparticular geographic areas, rather than in units segregated according toreligious orientation. This Hallowed Ground. At 5 a.m. Five members of that company have beenidentified as Jewish: Private Jacob Donau (discharged because of disease inOctober 1862); Private Jonas Engel (captured in 1864); Sergeant Major AaronKatz (captured as the Battle of Gettysburg); and Corporal Henry Wertheim(died of disease in 1863).[28] Leon himself served with his unit through the Battle of Gettysburg andwas captured by Union troops during the Wilderness campaign in May 1864.After that, he was incarcerated at two different prisoner camps until hetook the Oath of Allegiance and was released in April 1865. Mobs attacked draft offices, the homesand businesses of well-known Republicans and other wealthy families, andany African-Americans they found. The Order and its swiftrepeal drew little attention outside the Jewish community and upperechelons of the government. Thiscan be partially explained by the allegiance of these immigrant groups tothe Democratic Party. In contrast with the actions of the Jewish community leaders in theNorth, those in the South engaged in little discussion concerning thestanding and role of Jewish soldiers in the Confederate Army. In particular, they favored Grant's notion ofenergetically pursuing an end to the war by engaging the Confederates inheavy fighting. The advancing Confederates, shouting theRebel Yell as they went, were steadily pushing back elements of Wadsworth'sDivision until they reached the 6th NH's lines. He moved to New York City after the war where he was active inbusiness affairs. This meant hard service for cavalry units, particularly inareas where the roads were too poor for the movement of artillery orsupplies. Finding him desperately wounded inthe chest and lying in a hut, they took Jefferson to a private home andnursed him until he died two days later.[34] Ezekiel was promoted to cadet orderly or first sergeant of Company "C"after Newmarket and graduated after the war, in 1866. Hyneman, as one of the veterans of the war,accompanied the expedition. Many of these soldiers servedwith distinction, six being awarded the Medal of Honor. He participated in the fight as a private of Company "C," first inthe forced march to Staunton, Harrisonburg and Newmarket, and then in thedirect assault on the Union positions which defeated Sigel's forces. North Carolina Troops, 1861-1865: A Roster. Other Jewish soldiers served in variousregiments formed in Northeastern states. He also seemsto have become fairly popular in his unit and remarked in his letters that"everyone is so particularly good to me, that in place of being rude andpassionate, I begin to fancy myself quite an amiable young man." He wasrestless during the inactive period in 1861, but hopeful for action withthe appointment of George McClellan as commanding officer of the Army ofthe Potomac in 1862. His loss caused what remained of his divisionto break and head for the rear.[19] At that moment, Sergeant-Major Cohn, displaying "conspicuousgallantry," rallied and formed the once disorganized and fleeing troopsunder heavy fire. [12] Candace Scott, "Was Ulysses Grant and Anti-Semite?"(http://www.mscomm~ulysses). Lincoln was amenable to suchconsiderations proposed modification of the regulations to Congress, but noreal action was taken. He first wandered the battlefield with B.A. [31] Albert Z. [5] Anonymous, Sketches from the Seat of War, by a Jewish Soldier,Chapter 4 (http://www.access.digex.net/~bdboyle/jewish.html). One of these wasSergeant-Major Abraham Cohen, who served with the Sixth New HampshireVolunteers. Thisaction effectively saved the Shenandoah harvest for the Rebel forcesfighting in the East.[33] After the battle, in which the battalion suffered 24 percentcasualties, Ezekiel was assigned the mission of recovering the dead andwounded. General Grant,along with many Northerners considered trade with the Confederacy asamounting to treason and believed the Jews were the principal conspiratorsin the illicit cotton trade. "82nd Illinois Volunteer Infantry: Summary History of the Regiment's War Service" (1866) Http://www.jewish- history.com/civilwar.htm."Journal of Michael Mitchell Allen." Reprinted at http://www.jewish- history.com/civilwar.htm.Leon, Louis. T. Many rioters proclaimed thatthey would not fight in order "to free the nigger." As members of thelower classes, many felt that emancipation would lead to increasedcompetition for jobs and a reduction of their status to the same as that ofnewly-emancipated slaves. In his final year,he came to the attention of Robert E. Raleigh: Division of Archives and History, Department of Cultural Resources, 1966.McPherson, James. Http:// www.jewish-history.com/civilwar.htm.Rich, Michael W., "Henry Mack: An Important Figure in Nineteenth Century American Jewish History" Http://www.jewish-history.com/civilwar.htm.Scott, Candace. Troops May 17-July 15,1863, edited by Greg Mast (http://www.jewish-history.com/civilwar.htm).;Diary of a Tar Heel Confederate Soldier (Charlotte: Stone Publishing,1913). After the war, he admitted that he had been "full of hope for thespeedy termination of the war, and our independence." His only regret wasthat "we have lost that for which we fought....I still say our Cause wasjust, [and]... [26] Ibid. There is no other record of this action aside from thedescription in the citation. Hill's under-strengthConfederate III Corps was fighting for its life. It reflected not only anger and frustration on the part ofmany Union leaders at the black market in Southern cotton, but also theunderlying anti-semitism which pervaded Western society at that time.Americans at that time shared the historical prejudices of WesternEuropeans which labeled Jews dishonest profiteers.[1 ] Ulysses Grant was,of course, a product of his time,[11] although some have pointed out thatthe incident also reflected the familial tensions between a financiallysuccessful father and a son who never understood business.[12] Jewish leaders who protested the order argued that General Grant andother military leaders were unfairly coloring the entire Jewish communityin the United States with the actions of a few members of that community.In fact, most of the individuals profiting from the illicit economic tradewith the Confederacy were not Jewish. [8] Ibid. Troops. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. This meantCohn had to cajole and coerce panic-stricken soldiers from other units whodidn't recognize his authority to stand and fight with the 6th NewHampshire while under heavy fire from the Confederate forces. Thesecond part of the paper will look at the experiences of Jewish soldiers inthe Confederate Army. The American Civil War occurred soon after the huge immigration wavesof German and Irish during the middle of the Nineteenth Century, but beforethe large waves of Eastern and Southern Europeans during the lateNineteenth and early Twentieth Centuries. and causing the Confederate lines to begin crumbling. The soldier knows nothing except what is going on just in front of him.[22] The appointment of Grant as commanding officer of the Army of thePotomac was eventually looked upon with favor by Hyneman and his fellowcavalry troopers. Http://www.access.digex.net/~bdboyle/berk.4.txt.Catton, Bruce. Reprinted at http:// www.jewish- history.com/civilwar.htm.Anonymous. [34] Ibid. [37] Ibid., 6 9-61 . Most of theJewish soldiers in the Confederate Army appear to have been immigrants fromGermany who settled in some of the larger cities in the region,particularly Richmond, Virginia, and Charleston, South Carolina.Consequently, most seemed to have served in regiments from these twostates. Captured on the 29th of June, Sergeant Elias Hyneman died on the 7thof January. "Sketches from the Seat of War, by a Jewish Soldier." Chapter 4. The first part of the paper will examine theparticipation of Jews in the North and will discuss such issues as theappointment of Jewish chaplains and the creation of all-Jewish units. After five days, the federal governmentsuppressed the riots with troops fresh from the Gettysburg battlefield.[37] The disparity between the reactions of members of the Jewishpopulation to the war and those of the German and Irish Catholic populationcan largely be explained by class tensions in the country. Most of theother ethnic groups, including that of Jews, served in approximateproportion to their representation in the population as a whole.[2]Approximately 9, Union troops claimed Judaism as their religion, as didapproximately 2, Confederate troops.[3] Most of the Jewish Unionsoldiers were of German descent, their families arriving in the UnitedStates during the 183 s and 184 s. They may have downplayed their religiousbackgrounds in order to avoid standing out among the other soldiers, butfew actively hid their faith. 11, which proclaimed that "Jews, asa class violating every regulation of trade established are hereby expelledfrom the department within the twenty-four hours." A public uproarfollowed and a delegation of leading Jewish citizens traveled to Washingtonto meet with President Lincoln, who immediately revoked the order.[9] General Order No. This latter argument was latersupported by historians studying the situation. Inreturn, the Macks promised to provide the money and to share one-fourth oftheir profits from the trade with Jesse. The felled pines, stripped bare of branches, were driveninto the ground to form an enclosure around 4 , Union prisoners heldthere. One unintended consequence was todrive up cotton prices, from 1 cents per pound in 186 to 68 cents perpound just two years later. By April 1864, he had begun to fear that he wouldnever return home.[24] His fears proved prophetic. [25] Ibid. Aftersuffering 11 casualties in the early morning Union assault, Wadsworth'smen began to steadily give ground in the face of the Rebel onslaught.Then, shortly before noon, General Wadsworth fell mortally wounded whiletrying to rally his troops. For the most part, they wereconcerned not with religious or ethnic issues (such as discrimination), butwith overcoming boredom and serving their respective nations. New York: Washington Square Press, 1961.Conner, Albert Z. We advanced by the bugle to within two hundred yards of the Confederates and halted. Reprinted in "An American Hebrew's Heroic Life: A Reminiscence of Andersonville Prison." By Alice Hyneman Rhine. To all appearances he was a high- spirited soldier of exceptional skill and courage who was accepted, liked, and respected by his officers and comrades."[29] Leon kept a diary throughout the war, which he published in 1913.From this diary, it is clear that Leon's concerns were those of all othersoldiers in the Confederate Army: staying alive while defeating the UnionArmy. The worst riots,however, occurred in New York City in July 1863, after the federalgovernment enacted the draft law. The failed Grant-Mack deal was the finalstraw causing Grant to issue Order No. Speculators manipulated legal loopholes andthe black market to maintain some cotton flow to the North; among suchspeculators were Jesse Grant (father of Ulysses) and Henry Mack. 622. The historianof the 53rd North Carolina, W. Soon all thatstood between Wadsworth's federal troops and Lee's headquarters at theWidow Tapp Farm were 12 guns commanded by Colonel William Poague ofVirginia. At that pivotal moment,Longstreet arrived with his 2 , men; four brigades of Confederate ICorps then used the bed of an unfinished railroad as a means to hitWadsworth's Division at 11 a.m. Although he enjoyedbeing out in the field and was encouraged by the continuous action that thewar was being prosecuted to its end, he suffered from not seeing his familysince his enlistment. His head was as large as a Brownie's, his body thickset, and his legs were very short. Their higher status in American society at that timemeant that they had less to fear from an expanding labor class,particularly in the North. Moreover, most Jewish soldiers did not want tobring too much attention to their religious background or segregatethemselves from Christian soldiers.[5] Jewish-owned firms also played an important part in the war effort.In particular, the Cincinnati firm of Mack, Stadler & Glazer became one ofthe prime contractors for supplying the Union Army with clothing. [7] Ibid. At the end of the inconclusivefirst day, the Army of Northern Virginia was facing a critical situation.Longstreet's Confederate I Corps, on the move north from Gordonsville, wasstill ten miles from the road junction where A.P. Allen was appointed Chaplain of the CameronDragoons at the beginning of the war, making him the only Jewish Chaplainin the Union Army. regret [nothing] that I have done to cripple the North.[3 ] A somewhat more unusual story is that of Moses Jacob Ezekiel. [17] Ibid. Many of theJewish immigrants during the first half of the Nineteenth Century appear tohave been better educated as a group than the Catholic immigrants ofIreland and Germany. [18] Ibid. with a massive counterattack. Jordan, Jr., comps. First, the battle-tested6th New Hampshire, a veteran outfit with a reputation for steadiness andcourage under fire, was probably serving as a backstop for the Unionretreat from the Widow Tapp Farm. [13] McPherson, p. After attaining their objectives, the men wereforced to retreat by fresh Confederate forces. Ezekielwas a native of Richmond, Virginia, and a cadet at Virginia MilitaryInstitute (VMI) during the war. "Was Ulysses Grant and Anti-Semite?" Http://www.mscomm~ulysses.Starin, Mark S. Vol. [4] Illinois Adjutant-General, "82nd Illinois Volunteer Infantry:Summary History of the Regiment's War Service" (1866) (http://www.jewish-history.com/civilwar.htm). The last part of the paper will compare Jewishparticipation in the war to that of German and Irish Catholics, whocomprised the bulk of recent immigrants to the United States. [6] Rich, Michael W., "Henry Mack: An Important Figure in NineteenthCentury American Jewish History" (http://www.jewish-history.com/civilwar.htm). Next, as VMI's first Jewish cadet he was thefirst to request permission to be furloughed to join his family for the"Feast of Unleavened Bread." Finally, as the first of his family to gointo a military school, some reorientation at home was also necessary: hisgrandfather had wanted him excused from VMI summer camp in 1863 for fear of"disease" he might contract from exposure. Manarin and W. In one instance, Lee countermanded an order by a captainrejecting a furlough, informing the junior officer that he should respectthe religious beliefs of his subordinates.[27] The experiences of Jewish soldiers in the Confederate Army differedlittle from those in the Union Army. In the midstof the fighting, IX Corps was ordered to fill the gap between these forcesby means of an all-night forced march that brought Burnside's men south ofthe Rapidan River and into the Wilderness. After landing in New York City with his parentson an unknown date, he moved to Charlotte, North Carolina in 1858. Jordan, Jr., observed that As far as one can judge from his diary, Leon's experiences as a Jew in the Confederate army were singularly lacking in episodes of prejudice, discrimination, or rejection. 27 -271. Married and the father of eight children, Cohn died inNew York City on June 2, 1897 at the age of 65.[21] While Abraham Cohen's story was one of recognized heroism, much moretypical was that of Sergeant Elias Leon Hyneman, who served with the 5thPennsylvania Cavalry Regiment. During afour-month period in 1861, this firm manufactured nearly 2 , articlesof clothing. [19] Ibid. Lee encouragedEzekiel to pursue his artistic talents with the words "whatever you do, tryto prove to the world that if we did not succeed in our struggle, we areworthy of success." Ezekiel took Lee's words to heart, moving to Europewhere he became a world-renowned sculpture. 13. I resented bitterly the fact that of all the Sergeants he was the only one I ranked."[32] Regardless of his lack of parade ground prowess, Ezekiel's combatexperience came as a member of the Newmarket Corps or "Baby Corps," whichfought effectively as the 295-man VMI Cadet Battalion in the NewmarketBattle. Consequently, Jewish chaplains were neverofficially authorized in the Union Army.[14] In spite of the regulations, one man did serve as Jewish chaplain inone regiment. However, itwas felt that such organization would be impracticable in the Union Army,given the vast expanse of the country and the practice of raising regimentsfrom local populations. Lee to Rev. Max Michelbacher of Richmond, VA congregation "Beth Ahabah." Reprinted at http:// www.jewish- history.com/civilwar.htm."Letters of Rev. Dr. Abraham Fischel to President Lincoln and responses from Lincoln, December 15, 1861." Reprinted at http://www.jewish- history.com/civilwar.htm.Manarin, Louis H., and Jordan, W. Troops May 17-July 15, 1863." Greg Mast, ed.. Many had not yet filedfor citizenship and were thus exempt from the draft. Lee inparticular said that such furloughs could be granted by individual unitcommanders if and when individual Jewish soldiers made requests for suchfurloughs. [36] McPherson, 6 6-6 7. Typical of VMI students, these views ignored the fact thatVirginia had the largest slave population in the South and had exported2 , slaves to the other Southern states.[31] Ezekiel's cadet career, however, was neither typical nor easy. On the lastday of June, an important cavalry raid was executed, with the object ofdestroying the Welden, Danville and Southside railroads, along with theirrolling stock and depots. One of these soldiers was Louis Leon, who was born in Mecklenburg,Germany, probably in 1842. [27] Letters from Robert E. In fact, he looked like a tin soldier that had been broken in the middle and mended with sealing wax. 622-23. Grant became the commander of the Army of the Tennessee, givinghim control over the department.[7] In December 1862, Jesse Grant and the Mack brothers signed a contractunder which Jesse promised to use his influence with his son to obtain aspecial permit allowing the Macks to trade with the Confederacy. Ulysses Grant, however, refused to sign a permit and the Macks withdrewfrom the agreement. [21] Ibid. [16] Starin. Moreover, most of them resided inIllinois and Ohio and served in the units raised in those states.[4] The Jewish Population in the North Among the Jewish community leaders in the United States, there wassome discussion as to advocating the raising of all-Jewish units in theUnion Army. Andersonville was a bare openspace of ground of some 162 feet. [14] See letters of Rev. Dr. Abraham Fischel to President Lincoln andresponses from Lincoln, December 15, 1861, (http://www.jewish-history.com/civilwar.htm). Conner, Moses Jacob Ezekiel: From Confederate Cadet toWorld-Famous Artist (http://www.jewish-history.com/civilwar.htm). The feeling was that Jewish soldiers would be more effectiveif they served in units which paid attention to the needs of Jewishsoldiers for distinct food and Jewish religious services. However,within eighteen months of his enlistment in January 1864, he had risen fromthe rank of private to that of First Lieutenant, had fought in elevenbattles, been wounded twice, and been awarded the Medal of Honor "forconspicuous gallantry" in the Wilderness, May 6, 1864 and "for bravery &coolness" at The Crater, July 3 , 1864.[16] In May 1864, the 6th New Hampshire, then part of Major General AmbroseBurnside's IX Corps, was helping to guard the rebuilt Orange & AlexandriaRailroad from Manassas Junction south to Rappahannock Station. Rather, he went there to defend Virginia when she seceded toavoid providing troops to the Union to "subjugate her sister Southernstates". Colonna [VMI 1864]searching for their mutual friend, Thomas Garland Jefferson [VMI 1867], adescendant of the third U.S. Therehe found employment as a clerk before enlisting in the Charlotte Grayscompany of the 85th Regiment, North Carolina Militia. [32] Ibid. Although he died in 1917, hisbody was ultimately buried in Arlington National Cemetery in 1921.[35] Other Ethnic Groups in the War As noted earlier, the Jewish population in the United States enlistedin the military forces in rough correspondence to their representation inthe overall population. [2 ] Ibid. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.The Menorah. [11] Bruce Catton, This Hallowed Ground (New York: Washington SquarePress, 1961), pp. Hill and there would be little left with which to stop him -unless Longstreet arrived on time.[17] Meanwhile, late on May 5, the 6th New Hampshire, assigned to Griffin'sBrigade of Potter's Division of Union IX Corps, was ordered to reinforceWadsworth's Division of Union VI Corps as Wadsworth prepared to attack A.P.Hill's left flank. In his position, Allen served as Chaplain for theentire regiment, rather than for just the Jewish soldiers in the regiment.However, his position was assailed by representatives of the Young MensChristian Association (YMCA), who accurately pointed out that hisappointment as Chaplain of the regiment violated the regulations, sinceAllen was not an ordained minister in a recognized Christian denomination.Rather than attempt to fight the regulation end up losing his commission asan officer, Allen resigned as regimental chaplain and served out the war asa regular officer.[15] As noted earlier, several regiments originating in Illinois and Ohiocontained large numbers of Jewish soldiers, due to the heavy concentrationof German Jews in those states. December 1888. Among the mourners that attendedhis last burial were the two comrades for whom he had sacrificedhimself.[26] Jews in the Confederacy As noted above, approximately 2, Jews served in the ConfederateArmy. Jesse Grant subsequently sued them for breech ofcontract, but lost in court.[8] The episode did not end there, however, for Ulysses Grant was enragedat the conduct of the Macks and (particularly) his father. In August 1862,Ulysses S. "Moses Jacob Ezekiel: From Confederate Cadet to World- Famous Artist." http:// www.jewish-history.com/civilwar.htm.Illinois Adjutant-General. North CarolinaTroops, 1861-1865: A Roster, (Raleigh: Division of Archives and History,Department of Cultural Resources, 1966) vol. All of this supports the notion that the experiences of Jewishsoldiers and residents in both the Union and the Confederacy were littledifferent from those of the majority of whites. Ezekiel apparently didn't cutan imposing figure as a soldier. The cavalry, placed under the commandof Generals Wilson and Kanty, were kept constantly employed. Ezekiel later asserted that he'd gone toVMI, not to defend slavery-which had been inherited and limited byVirginia. Jewish Contributions in the America Civil War This paper will examine the involvement of Jewish people during theAmerican Civil War. [1 ] Rich. Most ofthis illicit cotton trade took place in the Department of Tennessee, whichincluded portions of Tennessee, Kentucky, and Mississippi. Although theConfederacy did not authorize an "official" Jewish Chaplain for the Army,Joseph Goldsmith operated as the unofficial Jewish Chaplain. Thefederal had prohibited commerce in Southern cotton, since the cotton tradehelped finance the Confederate war. That same month, Jesse attemptedto fulfill his part of the bargain, writing and visiting his son. The small stream of water running through the center of the camphad become filled human waste and was not only undrinkable but also asource of rampant disease. [3] Starin, Mark S., "Sergeant-Major Abraham Cohn: Jewish-AmericanCivil War Hero" (http://www.jewish-history.com/civilwar.htm). Despite their mounting casualties from the canister rounds firedby Poague's artillery, the Union troops kept advancing.[18] Then the Federal advance (including that of Potter's Division) becamebogged down in the thick, entangling underbrush of the Wilderness, losingdirection and momentum at a critical time. Born into a learned family (his mother wasa renowned poet in the Jewish community), Elias Hyneman enlisted at agetwenty-four soon after the Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run.He quickly took to life in the saddle and in his letters to his motherreveled in the hard life of a cavalryman out in the field. Large numbers of individuals in these groups opposedthe emancipation goal of the Republican government. At thebeginning of this career he refused to take the physical abuse routinelymeted out senior cadets. Lee to Rev. Max Michelbacher of Richmond,VA congregation "Beth Ahabah" (http://www.jewish-history.com/civilwar.htm). [23] Ibid. It would only become notorious during the 1868Presidential campaign of Grant.[13] The other controversial issue involving Jews in the Union arose at thebeginning of the war, when Union Army regulations authorized only"Christian" chaplains. The onlyspecial requests made by Goldsmith came in the Autumn seasons of the war,when he asked the Confederate military leaders to allow Jewish soldiers toabstain from military operations during the upcoming religious holidays.The responses were quite interesting, for General Robert E. In the battle of the Wilderness, Hyneman's regiment foughtdismounted and then pushed forward on all the roads to watch the enemy'smovements. Bibliography"A Tar Heel Jewish Soldier at Gettysburg: Extracts from the Diary of Private Louis Leon, Company B, 53rd Regiment N.C. A spirited engagement with a Confederate cavalry unit openedthe road from The Wilderness to Spottsylvania Court House for the UnionArmy. T., Jr., comps. At the same time the Civil War created a huge market for uniforms, itthreatened to cut off the raw material for these uniforms, cotton. "Sergeant-Major Abraham Cohn: Jewish-American Civil War Hero" Http://www.jewish-history.com/civilwar.htm.----------------------- [1] McPherson, James, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 6 6. The Catholic immigrants, on the other hand,resided at the lower economic rings of American society and feared themovement of emancipated slaves northwards into the cities. 13, p. Then for a while, as the balls whistled pleasantly by, one might have truly exclaimed, 'There's music in the air!' For detailed account of the battle you must look to the newspaper correspondents. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia at twokey locations: the tiny settlement of Wilderness Tavern (where Sedgwick'sUnion VI Corps and Warren's Union V Corps faced Ewell's Confederate IICorps) and the junction of the Brock and Orange Plank Roads (where A.P.Hill's Confederate III Corps met Hancock's Union II Corps). If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.