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INCH'ON, SOUTH KOREA.   Term Paper ID:26439 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Cultural background & military significance of city as key battleground in Korean War.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Cultural background & military significance of city as key battleground in Korean War. Paper Introduction: AN HISTORICAL EXAMINATION OF INCH’ON, REPUBLIC OF KOREA Introduction This research examines the South Korean (Republic of Korea) city of Inch’on. The period of particular interest in this examination is 1948 through 1955, which extends from approximately two-and one-half years before the beginning of the Korean War hostilities in June 1950 to approximately two-and-one-half years subsequent to the formal Cease Fire and Truce in July 1953. While 1948-1955 is the primary period of interest in this examination, some of the earlier history of Inch’on is reviewed to provide relevant background information for the examination. The findings of the research are presented discussions in five topic areas. The “Culture and Geography” discussion covers esse Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. In mid-June 195 , Kim Il Sung, North Korean leader, broadcast (radio)a peace offer to the south. The settlement of the Inch'on area occurred in 18 B.C. General MacArthur names the Inch'on Landing OperationChromite. South Korea had suffered 469, civilian casualties (of which17 , were dead) and 212,554 military casualties (of which 21,625 weredead). Effects of the Battle The effects of the battle at Inch'on are considered within thecontexts of casualties (including medical statistics where applicable),equipment and armament losses, military advantages stemming from theoutcome of the battle, military morale, and implications for the eventualoutcome of the Korean War. Inch'on: Post-Korean War Consideration of Inch'on in the post-war period deals with the effectsof the war and its outcome on the city from August 1953 through December1955. A key to the success of the amphibious landing by United States forcesat Inch'on was the neutralizing of the North Korean artillery that wasemplaced on Wolmi Island, which is located in the entrance to Inch'onharbor. The findings of the research are presented discussions in five topicareas. Inch'on is thegateway to the South Korean capital of Seoul, which is located 37kilometers due east inland from Inch'on. By the end of1955, the city's population had increased to approximately 4 , (Metraux153). The economic and cultural effects of the KoreanWar on Inch'on during the immediate post-war period (August 1953-December1955) are covered in the "Inch'on: Post-War" discussion. The United States Army, the United States Navy, and the United StatesMarines all protested to General MacArthur against to plans for the Inch'onLanding. The invasion was led byhundreds of tanks, which served as the vanguard of 9 , North Koreaninfantry soldiers (Appleman 61). South Korea: A Country Study. The Navy also was concerned aboutthe shallowness of the Inch'on harbor, which required a high tide of atleast 3 feet to enable the naval ships to maneuver safely in the harborarea. The period of particular interest in this examination is 1948through 1955, which extends from approximately two-and one-half yearsbefore the beginning of the Korean War hostilities in June 195 toapproximately two-and-one-half years subsequent to the formal Cease Fireand Truce in July 1953. The likelihood is thatthe Korean War could have ended at the end of 195 if General MacArthur hadstopped the United States advance at the 38th parallel. By 25 June 1951, one year after the North Korean Army launched itsattack on South Korea, the Army of the People's Republic of China hadsuffered approximately 6 , casualties (dead and wounded) and the NorthKorean Army also had suffered approximately 6 , casualties (dead andwounded). Battle At Inch'on The battle at Inch'on refers to the battle that ensued between NorthKorean forces and United States forces following the amphibious landing atInch'on on 15 September 195 by the United States task force. Wolmi Island is in a highly strategic location that permitssurface-to-surface artillery located on the island to deny passage to navalvessels to Inch'on. General MacArthur considered this warning tobe a threat and drove the North Korean Army almost to the Yalu River borderbetween North Korea and China. The Inch'on Landing by United States forces in 15 September 195 represented the first major counteroffensive by the Allied forcessubsequent to the attach launched by the North Korean army against SouthKorea in June 195 . W., Jr. Within six weeks of the Inch'onLanding, United States forces had reestablished the 38th parallel as thedividing line between North Korea and South Korea. The period January 1948 through May 195 is emphasized. Between these two sub-districts were kuns and myons. Victory at High Tide: The Inchon-Seoul Campaign 3rd ed. Advancing beyondthe 38th parallel drew the People's Republic of China into the Korean War,which extended the war an additional 32 months, cost and additional 44, American lives, only to establish the 38th parallel as the dividing linebetween North Korea and South Korea in July 1953. South Korea had not anticipated the invasion, and its divisions, whichwere no match for those from the north in the best of situations, were atonly half-strength, because the remainder had been granted weekend leave.The lightly armed and leave-depleted South Korean units could not withstandthe onslaught from the north, and the North Korean army easily smashedthrough the South Korean perimeter defense (Appleman 74). The Navy was concerned that the Inch'on harbor was so narrow thatlittle room for maneuver was available. Inch'on is located on the west coast of the Korean Peninsula atapproximately 126 east longitude, 37 north latitude. The success of the Inch'on Landing and the ensuing battle betweenUnited States forces and North Korean forces dramatically changed thecourse of the early stage of the Korean War. General MacArthur, thus, called the Chinesebluff, which, as things turned out, was no idle threat (Summers 5-6). M., and Shaw, W. In the late-194 s and in 195 , Inch'on was the second largest (asmeasured by shipping tonnage) port in Korea and the largest port on thecountry's west coast. The People's Republic warned,however, that crossing the 38th parallel by United States forces would beviewed as a threat to China. "The Korean War Revisited." Parameters: United States Army War College Quarterly (Spring 1998): 1-5. Operation Chromite was conceived by General MacArthur, who alsopersonally directed its planning and lobbied and pressured both militaryand political leaders in Washington for approval and for the necessarytroops and equipment to conduct the operation (Appleman 155-159). Consequently, Kim Il Sung usedRhee's rejection of the offer as the excuse to launch what the north calleda defensive invasion of the south on 25 June 195 . UnitedStates strategy, the role played by General Douglas MacArthur, majormilitary forces involved in the battle, and details of both the amphibiouslanding and the ensuing battle are covered. Themajor unites involved were the 1st Marine Division, the 7th InfantryDivision of the United States Army, the 92nd and 96th Field ArtilleryBattalions of the United States Army (in addition to those field artilleryunits which were elements of the 1st Marine and 7th Infantry Divisions),the 56th Amphibious Tank and Tractor Battalion of the United States Army,the 19th Engineer Combat Group of the United States Army, and the 2ndEngineer Special Brigade of the United States Army. United States Army in the Korean War Volume 1: South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu. http://carlisle- www.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/98spring/spr-essa.htm"Brief History of Inch'on." Inch'on Metropolitan City, Inch'on Korea. As such, Inch'on played an important economic rolein the greater Korean economy. The Port of Inch'on served a vital economic function duringthe rebuilding phase of the post-war effort in South Korea. Whenthe Cease Fire was declared more than two years and 4 , American liveslater, the border between North Korea and South Korea was the 38thparallel, exactly where it was in late-195 following the success ofOperation Chromite (Boose 3). Http://www.koreanwar.org/html/kdata/ callahan.htmHeinl, R. Had General MacArthur beencontent to reestablish the 38th parallel as the boundary between NorthKorea and South Korea, that likely would have been the end of thesituation, as neither the Soviet Union nor the People's Republic of Chinawere eager to engage United States forces. As a city in 195 ,Inch'on consisted of layers of administrative sub-districts, the largest ofwhich were kus and the smallest of which were dongs. The Armyand Marines were concerned because Inch'on was a well defended urban area.The Army and Marines preferred to storm a beachhead that was relativelyundefended (Heinl 115). G., Colonel, United States Army, Retired. A, Colonel, United States Air Force, Retired. Military Importance of Inch'on The military importance of Inch'on is considered in relation to theimportance of the city within the context of the Korean War of 195 -1953.Factors such as strategic sites located within the Inch'on area, keymilitary positions of the North Korean army, and the relationship betweenInch'on and Seoul are addressed. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1952. The strategic importanceof Inch'on prior to the beginning of hostilities and the militaryimportance of Inch'on during the early-part of the Korean War (prior to theamphibious landing by United States forces in September 195 ), areaddressed in the "Military Importance of Inch'on" discussion. By the end of 1955, Inch'on was on the road to recovery, both economicand social. Joint Task ForceSeven, of the Seventh Fleet United States Navy, commanded the amphibiousphase of Operation Chromite, while X Corps commanded the land battle phaseof the operation (Appleman 171-172). Theoperation conducted by United States naval forces to neutralize thebatteries on Wolmi Island was successful. http:/thehistorynet.com/MilitaryHistory/articles/ 596_ txt.htmUnited States Army, Office of Military History. The name of the settlement changed with successiverulers of the area, becoming Maisohol under the rule of Koguryo, Sosonghyonduring the Unified Silla, Kyongwonbu during the Koryo era, Inch'on Kununder King Taijong of the Choson dynasty, and Inch'on Bu under King Kojongfollowing the opening of the port in 1883. (Eds.). The United States X Corps was created to conduct the Inch'on Landing.At embarkation, X Corps consisted of approximately 7 , troops. The battlethat ensued as a result of the amphibious landing is covered in twodiscussions. The only day in September that such a tide would occur was the 15th,and the landing had to occur at the precise time of high tide. Washington: United States Army, 1992.Summers, H. http:/www.kita.or.kr.inchol/history.htmlCallahan, C. "The Korean War: A Fresh Perspective." Military History (April 1996): 1-7. An Historical Examination of Inch'on, Republic of Korea Introduction This research examines the South Korean (Republic of Korea) city ofInch'on. Culture and Geography This discussion of culture and geography also includes briefreferences to the history of Inch'on and considerations of the structure ofgovernment in the city and the relevance of Inch'on to the greater Koreaneconomy. The "Culture and Geography" discussion covers essential geographic,demographic, economic, and political factors applicable to Inch'on prior tothe beginning of hostilities in the Korean War. "The Korean War Revisited." Korean War History Project (19 October 1995): 1-3. Annapolis, Maryland: Nautical & Aviation Publications, 1979.Metraux, D. United States Army intelligenceestimated that the North Korean Army was not capable of providingreinforcements rapidly to the North Korean forces in the Inch'on-Seoul area(United States Army, Office of Military History 141). Two days prior to the Inch'on Landing, six UnitedStates naval vessels were sent into the passage to Inch'on to draw firefrom the North Korean batteries located on Wolmi Island, as a means ofdetermining the location of the batteries so that they could be neutralizedbefore the amphibious landing force arrived on 15 September 195 . Works CitedAppleman, R., United States Army Center for Military History. Economic and cultural effects are emphasized in this consideration. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1961.Boose, D. United States forces had suffered 78,8 casualties (of which21,3 were either known dead or presumed to have been killed-in-action).By the time of the Cease Fire in July 1953, United States forces deathswould climb to a total of 54,24 (Callahan 2-3). The first of these two discussions covers the military battleitself ("The Battle at Inch'on"), while the second discussion assesses theeffects of the battle on the military forces involved in the battle("Effects of the Battle"). Inch'on Bu became Inch'on in1949, when the community was upgraded to city status within the Koreangovernmental structure ("Brief History of Inch'on" 1). The offer was so favorable to the north thatits rejection by South Korean President Sigmund Rhee was assured; however,the offer was also couched in language which indicated that the southrepresented a security threat to the north. "The Economy." In Savada, A. While 1948-1955 is the primary period of interestin this examination, some of the earlier history of Inch'on is reviewed toprovide relevant background information for the examination. Further, the success of the United States forces led to therapid recapture of Seoul. The actions of the Operation Chromite forcespermitted the Eighth United States Army to breakout of the Pusan Perimeterwhere United States forces had been under siege since the devastating earlysuccess of the North Korean forces following the launching of the surpriseattack in June 195 (Summers 5). Effects on both North Korean and Allied forcesare considered. Operation Chromite was a brilliant success, in that the strategic moveby General MacArthur rapidly cut the lines of supply and communication ofthe North Korean Army forces below the 38th parallel, which placed theNorth Korea forces in the southern part of the country in a siege position. By the time of the Inch'on Landing, most North Korean Army troops werein the southern part of the country attempting to wipe out the UnitedStates forces in the Pusan Perimeter. Conclusion The Inch'on Landing was a highly successful military operation thatcaught the North Korean Army off guard and led to a rout of the NorthKorean forces by the United States forces. As a consequence, the North Korean Army was forced to withdraw indisarray. At that time,the settlement was names Michuhol by its founder King Biryu and served asthe capital of Baikje. Enhancing this role was the close proximityof Inch'on to the national capital and largest population center in thecountry-Seoul (Metraux 139). Korea, 195 . If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.