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SLAVE TRADE.   Term Paper ID:26666 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Origins, evolution, rationale for, effects of slave trade in Africa, Europe, England & Latin Amer.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Origins, evolution, rationale for, effects of slave trade in Africa, Europe, England & Latin Amer. Paper Introduction: INTRODUCTION The slave trade would carry Africans far from their homeland, but the problem of slavery begins in Africa as warring tribes would capture members of other tribes and sell them into slavery. The slave trade in West Africa served the labor requirements of the New World and other areas for more than three centuries. The slave trade in West Africa began with the Portuguese in the fifteenth century and increased until it was a major trade linking Africa with Europe and North and South America. Slave ships headed for the New World would stop at sites along the West African coast to pick up their human cargo, often purchasing members of one tribe from another. The Spanish and English would also become involved in the slave trade over the next two centuries, and slavery in the New World in Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. The size and nature of the slave trade has been difficult to assessaccurately. For one thing, slaves in the African context were warprofits, and while this may have been true of initial forays by Muslims, inthe long run, slaves for Muslims and Europeans were an economic matterbased more on need at home than an accumulation of power over neighboringstates. Theyreached the Canary Islands and colonized that region in 1424. ADAPTATIONS The British did begin to adapt to slavery after a period of moraldisapproval, as noted, and they did so first for economic reasons. The Origins of American Slavery. World History: Volume I. The rate of exchange varied widely, but a goodhorse could bring as many as fifteen slaves. Thereligion of Islam existed side-by-side with African religions and wastreated by the latter much as they treated Christianity. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1989.Khapoya, Vincent B. Such sentiments were also expressed by church and secular officials,but the words were often at odds with the reality. This was during Africa's "early modern" period from 16 to 18 ,at which time the gold, sugar, tobacco, and cotton produced by Africanslaves in the New World contributed toward making more capital availablefor the "commercial revolution" taking place in Europe in banking,corporate stock arrangements, insurance, and investment houses. Thisresulted in the conversion of formerly small fishing villages into highlycentralized, powerful trading politics, with the recruitment of slaves fromthe interior tightly controlled by the kings of the canoe houses. This was also a period in which theFrench were seeking control of West Africa and were the targets of Islamicstats. Another African's account ofhis time on such a ship note that the slaves were treated as if they werepigs in a sty, with many dying before they could reach their destination. A emancipacao dos escravos. When the Native American population did not prove viable as alabor force, the various European settlers turned to Africa and the slavetrade to solve their labor problems. The system was both physical and psychological. Other areas in the New World were also undergoing anagricultural revolution and demanding slaves. Slave women were oppressed differently from slave men in allareas, for they not only had to endure the indignities and cruelties towhich the males were subjected but also suffered others related to theirsex and to the future of their children. Works CitedBaquaqua, Mahommah G. New York: Da Capo, 1993.Mott, Franz R.B. Like most such wars, the jihads changed the nature ofthose borders and created alliances even as they also shifted politicalcontrol from one group to another. Education was deniedto both men and women for the most part, and only a few were ever educatedor became literate in the different areas where slavery was practiced (Mott38).the slave trade expanded tremendously in West Africa as the European powersforged stronger links with African slave traders. Slavery was called in the U.S. Wood agrees that the English inthe New World turned first to the Native American population, but she alsofinds in this elements similar to the African trade to come: In many respects, sixteenth-century English images of native Americans were not entirely dissimilar to those they were simultaneously constructing of West Africans. The various accounts of slavery in Latin America show that theinstitution was not unlike that in North America except for the nature ofthe work. AntamGoncalvez and Niño Tristo explored the area south of Arguin in 1444 (Gailey115-116). The firstmajor licensed monopoly for the importation of slaves to the New World wasgranted to Pedre Gomes Reynal in 1593, and for the sum of 9 , ducats,Reynal promised to provide 3,5 live slaves from Africa for every year fornine years. England at the time was not advocatingenslavement of Africans but knew that slaves were being taken by Spain andPortugal, England's main European rivals. Krieger, 197 .Haggerty, Richard A. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1997.Meltzer, Milton. The ship was filthy, and the ex-slave says hismemory of that time can never be eradicated. It may be that no morethan 5 percent of those born into slavery survived (Ottoni "286"). and Jackson J. There is some suggestion that, even before they embarked on their colonization of the North American mainland and the Caribbean, the English were already predisposed to regard west Africans as suitable candidates for enslavement. History of Africa: Volume I. The French expansion into the region was clearly linked to superiorfirepower, and the French conquest of West Africa proceeded fort by fortwith increasing territory coming under their control. Baquaqua. In truth, though, thepeoples of Africa were not as backward as Europeans liked to believe andhad developed major civilizations even before Europe did. The slave trade in West Africaserved the labor requirements of the New World and other areas for morethan three centuries. For a time, the growth of the slave trade was hindered by competingPortuguese and Spanish political goals, but these were resolved in 158 .Once Portugal regained its independence, the combined empire controlled thesources of supply and the areas of greatest demand for slaves. The slave trade in Africa was a function of war as the empires of theregion fought one another and gained control over other tribes: The superstate was built with military and monetary support furnished by the conquered tribes. Brazil was demanding slavesto work the land and the mines by the middle of the sixteenth century.Slavery in Latin America was as onerous as it was in the United States, andin both cases Africans were decoyed, captured, bought, and brought to theNew World and sold into slavery as if they were animals rather than humanbeings. Malabar, Florida: Robert E. Large tracts ofdesert land was in this region and was not entirely suited for economicactivity, which may be a reason for the direction of the expansion (Gailey76-77). The slave trade in West Africa began with thePortuguese in the fifteenth century and increased until it was a majortrade linking Africa with Europe and North and South America. Evenpregnant women and those nursing their babies were made to hoe for theirkeep. Slavery: A World History: Volume II. Here also were artisans, skilled in metal or wood working, pottery making, and other crafts, as well as some farmers who tilled the soil in the neighboring fields (Duiker and Spielvogel 249).Africa had long had its own slave trade, a trade which reached "enormousproportions in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when Europeanslave ships transported millions of unfortunate victims to new homes inEurope or the Americas" (Duiker and Spielvogel 252). A change in attitudetoward slavery came in the sixteenth century as a direct result of theSpanish exploitation of their new territories in the West Indies. Biography of Mahommah G. The jihads brought local religions and groups intoconflict with the Islamic population, and separate jihads brought localemirates into being and continued warfare on the borders throughout thenineteenth century. The slaves were sentprimarily to emerging New World plantation economies. some of the slaves acquiredin the north were shipped further south to the Mina coast and traded to theAkan for gold, a practice that emphasizes the relative unimportance ofslaves when compared with gold (Gailey 117-118). New York: Hill & Wang, 1997. The trade began for the West onthe West coast, the region most accessible, and would branch out later asdemand increased. The jihad of 18 4united Hausaland into the Sokoto Caliphate, and the jihad came about as theresult of the contradictions created by the steady growth of Islam withinthe Hausa states. Nearly all of the slaves were Africans. In 1456, it was reported that there wassystematic raiding taking place off the Cape Verde coast of fishingvillages for the purpose of capturing slaves. BEGINNINGS Africa was a point of interest in Europe long before any Europeanpowers invaded that territory, for beginning in the eleventh century,Christian kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula were aware of Africa and of twoMuslim dynasties, the Almoravids and Almohades, which came from Africa.Trade was carried on with the Muslim world, and into the fifteenth century,the Mediterranean region was still primarily a Muslim sphere. Slave tributes were exacted by the powerful from the weak . Detroit: Geo. The planting oftobacco and sugar spread to all the Spanish territories of the West Indiesin the sixteenth century, and the Spanish crown then licensed an ever-increasing number of slaves to be imported from Africa to the islands.Direct voyages to Africa were fairly simple then because of the prevailingwesterly winds and currents (Gailey 118-119). Coffee was a primary crop.Slaves were purchased to work, and their work was judged on the basis ofwhether it served the owner by making up for the cost of the slave. Mott notes that the institution of slavery had a profound effect onthe lives of men and women both slave and free throughout the New World.Slavery in each colonial empire became a prominent and, to some, essentialsystem of economic and social relations. Those considered too ill were thrown overboard.When the ship arrived in the New World, the slave was thankful to be ableto breath clean air again, but he was sold into servitude with a baker.Some had to go back on the ship for delivery elsewhere. New York: West Publishing, 1994.Gailey, Harry A., Jr. Pomeroy & Co., 1854.Duiker, William J. He describes the horrors ofthe trip--being thrust naked into the hood of the vessel with males on oneside and females on the other, with cramped quarters so low no one couldstand up, with sleep denied to them because of the confined position oftheir bodies, and so on. INTRODUCTION The slave trade would carry Africans far from their homeland, but theproblem of slavery begins in Africa as warring tribes would capture membersof other tribes and sell them into slavery. GROWTH IN THE SLAVE TRADE The entry of the Portuguese into Africa came at the same time as theTurkish Ottoman conquest of Africa's Mediterranean and Red Sea areas.Portugal at that time expanded into Africa's Atlantic and Indian Oceancoasts and introduced new weapons and new demands for war captivesthroughout the continent. This also meant that the Europeanswere now more vulnerable to native pressure and were no longer fully incontrol of the bartering situation. In 15 1, the first foreign slaves,most white, were transported to Hispaniola, and in 1518 the first shipmentof slaves directly from Africa were brought to Hispaniola. Rio De Janeiro: Typographia Perseveranca, 1871.Wood, Betty. What followed wasrivalry and warfare between pre-colonial states, the expansion of theIslamic jihads (holy wars) in West Africa, and a growing demand for laborin the New World, and all this contributed to an environment in which theslave trade became a dominant economic activity for Europeans. Goncalvez brought twelve captives back to Lisbon in 1441, andafter that, every Portuguese captain followed the practice of seizingslaves for the return voyage. E. "A Slave in Northeastern Brazil." "287-288."Ottoni, C.B. Europeans came to see both groups as inferior and so could justifyslavery and other actions taken against them. Conditions were harsh in the New World forthese slaves, and they were brought into contact with diseases they did notknow. This wasnot a concern for the Europeans, who by this time were no longer interestedin building and maintaining costly forts and who were therefore glad toleave this aspect to the local powers. He was sold into slavery by envious people in hisown country and then was sent to a slave ship. This tradethen helped fund European expansion in overseas trade, colonization, andthe scientific and industrial revolutions (Khapoya 92). For one thing, there was no significant demand for slaves in Europein the fifteenth century, and Africans who were taken by the Portuguese atthis time were used as domestic or preserved for their curiosity value.Other European states were more concerned with a variety of problemsrelated to incipient nationalism, feudalism, and dynastic quarrels and sowere not interested in Africa; they also viewed slavery with abhorrence.Early in the sixteenth century, a proclamation by the government in Francestated that no slavery would be permitted in France, and a similar policywas issued as late as 16 7 stating that all slaves who set foot on Frenchsoil were presumed to be free. the "peculiar institution," and itwas stoutly defended by those who benefited from it and just as vehementlyopposed by those who saw it as an evil. By the end of the eighteenth and well into the nineteenthcentury, slave traders were enforced to expand their activities from theirWest African base and to trade further and further east into Badagay,Lagos, and the Ijo and Ibibio states east of the Niger delta. Different communities and different kingdomsadapted in different ways to this new supply of guns and new demands forwar captives, and at the same time, Spanish, Dutch, British, French,German, Scandinavian, and Arab armed ships joined the Portuguese indemanding increasing numbers of young Africans for the international slavetrade. They took prisoners in war and forced them into domestic service, as they did to their criminals (Meltzer 17).There was thus a historical difference in the way slavery developed and wasmaintained in Africa and the way it was developed and maintained by Muslimsand Europeans. Slaves were taughtdiscipline and were also impressed over and over with the idea of their owninferiority and to "know their place." They were taught to see blacknessas a sign of subordination, to be awed by the power of the master, to mergetheir interests with those of the master, and to ignore their ownindividual needs. Slave shipsheaded for the New World would stop at sites along the West African coastto pick up their human cargo, often purchasing members of one tribe fromanother. Those in the hold were givenlittle food or drink, and they were tormented if they did anything thesalvers did not like. The result was the importationof African slaves beginning in 15 3, and by 152 , black African labor wasused almost exclusively (Haggerty 4-5). House slaves had one lifeand field slaves another, for instance, and urban slaves lived better thanrural slaves. The Africans like other peoples throughout the world, had practiced slavery since prehistoric times. The townsstarted as fortified walled villages and then evolved into largercommunities serving different purposes: Here, of course, were the center of governments and the teeming markets filled with goods from distant regions. The system was unrealistic and highly destructive to the Indianpopulation, which died off rapidly from exhaustion, starvation, disease,and other causes. Dominican Republic and Haiti: Country Studies. CONCLUSION The African slave trade began in Africa itself with the selling ofcaptives and expanded as demand increased. . The sense of betrayal andhorror felt by the captured slave being taken to a new land about which heknows nothing is evident in an account from the nineteenth century byMahommah G. Among the means for effecting this were the disciplineof hard labor, the breakup of the slave family, the lulling effects ofreligion, the creation of disunity among the slaves by separating them intofield slaves and the more privileged house slaves, and the power of the lawand threats of death (Baquaqua "279-282"). Both were strangers, both were apparently uncivilized, and both were dark- skinned (Wood 21). ThePortuguese continued exploring the region as they developed sailingtechnology so they could sail more easily against the prevailing northernwinds, and they reached the area of modern day Sierra Leone by 146 . Theindigenous Indians were either so hostile that they were exterminated orwere pressed into labor gangs to work in the minds and on the newlyestablished sugar plantations. The Spanish and English would also become involved in the slavetrade over the next two centuries, and slavery in the New World inparticular would be a matter of economic need because of an agriculturalsystem that needed a large labor force for as little economic outlay aspossible. By the end of the fifteenthcentury, the Portuguese had stopped raiding and started trading for slaveswith the Sanhaja Berbers, offering horses, silk, and manufactured items inexchange for captives. The African Experience : An Introduction. . A Brazilian Senator in the last century noted that mortality washigh among slave children. Slave children could be sold atany time, and sexual abuse of slave women was common. This did not necessarily mean that they would enslave Africans, but it did mean the colonists were likely to turn to Africans to satisfy their labor requirements (Wood 2 ).Wood also finds that the people of Europe had a low opinion of the peopleof West Africa based on the image of the latter region developed insixteenth-century England. Some, such as Betty Wood, takes adifferent view and sees a racial component from the beginning: The enslavement of West Africans by the English in the New World was a seventeenth-century phenomenon, but the roots of that enslavement lay in racial attitudes that took shape during the course of the previous century. EarlyPortuguese expeditions to Africa were supported for economic reasons, andmariners from Portugal began exploring the African coast after 1415. Not all slaves received the sametreatment, and slave activities, legal rights, and living conditions variedfrom country to country and region to region. Hard labor on the part of the mother often prevented the normaldevelopment of the fetus, and most of the children were neglected so thatmost of the babies faced only sickness and death. A government regulation was set forth inEngland in 1772, known as the Mansfield dictum, with similar provisions: Richard Jobson, a factor on the Gambia River in 1623, scornfully rejected an offer to purchase slaves with the statement that Englishmen did not buy and sell other men (Gailey 118). They died in large numbers from overwork ordisease, and more and more laborers were needed to take up the slack(Gailey 118-119). Baquaqua. Temporary slave pens were made to holdthe slaves after their purchase, and by 18 , mor slaves were being takenfrom the eastern coast of Nigeria than from any other part of Africa(Gailey 126-128). Slavery was a business for some,an economic necessity for others, and for those enslaved, a way of lifefrom which they could only rarely escape. The decimation of the Indian population had profoundconsequences for the settlers needed a new source of labor to meet thegrowing demands of sugarcane cultivation. At thesame time, an attitude of racial superiority developed over time in part asa function of the existence of slavery. Spielvogel. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.