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The History of the Black Panther Party   Term Paper ID:27570 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Discussion of the origins, history, & leadership of the Black Panther Party.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Discussion of the origins, history, & leadership of the Black Panther Party. Paper Introduction: The History of the Black Panther Party Introduction The intention in the following pages is to explore the history of the Black Panther Party from its origins during the 1960s. There are those who identify the Black Panther Party with the presentday militia movement, but their origins are quite different, even though their methods and intentions might seem to be similar. Origins Although the Black Panther Party is probably most associated in memory with the large urban cities of the north, it had its birth in the rural south. That birth was an outgrowth of white resistance in the south to any inclusion of black Americans in Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Some of them, such as Eldridge Cleaver,considered those crimes as justified as part of the revolutionary uprisingof the black population. NY: BantamBooks. Members were exposed as violating the rules of the group,particularly in mistreating members of the black community itself, andripping people off. Huey Newton (1973) also noted that there were a number of black menwho had been involved in the fighting in Vietnam who returned to thecommunity with those skills. Boston, MA: Twayne Publishers. Hampton, H. Eventually, a federalgrand jury determined that of the eighty shots fired during the raid on theapartment, only one had been fired by a Black Panther weapon. He noted that blacks found out that statelaw allowed for the inclusion of other parties on the ballot alongside theDemocrats and Republicans. Instead, theywere perceived as a threat and as a challenge to the authority of thepolice in the community. Search and destroy: A report bythe Commission of inquiry into the Black Panthers and the Police. They immediately gained the attention of the white community,including the police and the FBI with their strong presence, militaryaspect, and guns. The response was swift andstrong, typified by Hoover's action. NY: Random House. Cleaver, E. This Black Panther Party had its genesis in therevolutionary struggles of that era, including both external and internalstruggles by the radical left. Free at last? It was also, of course, in 1968 that Martin Luther King, Jr. Inaddition, Party members were not supposed to take any material thing frommembers of the community. That party was termed the Black PantherParty, and it had its birth in the south of 1966. This was quite a different kind of Black Panther Party than the onecreated in Lowndes county. In Chicago, in particular, Black Panther Party memberscontinued to aggrandize themselves in their communities by sellingprotection or by simply ripping off members of the community. Yet, within this, there was theassumption that they were becoming involved in a violent struggle thatmight result in their deaths. There were repercussions throughoutthe country when the civil rights movement turned toward violence, ratherthan non-violence, as a primary mode of dealing with oppression andviolence on the part of the white community. It was a way for them to feellike their lives were meaningful. Those voices indicated that the Black Pantherswere perceived as causing trouble, and as escalating the danger inherent inthe situation by carrying guns on the streets. And Fayer, S. It began, however, because white Americans in theSouth refused to allow any black candidates to participate in the politicalprocess. In looking at the situation as it was constituted, it seems inherentlydesigned to create trouble. The Black Panther Party was to become even a greater source of fearfor white Americans. The points of the program included: 1. Wilkins, R. In other words, the expectation was therethat there would be violent confrontations with the police involved intheir work. (197 ). An immediate end to police brutality and murder of black people; 8. For example, party members were not allowed touse drugs or be drunk while doing the work of the Black Panther Party. The police did not perceive them positively, however. As a consequence, he authorized a number of COINTELPRO actions againstthe Black Panthers, with a total of 233 of the total targeted to thatgroup. Huey Newton (1973) notedthat they early decided upon a bank robbery in order to provide the supportthey needed for developing the party within the community. As a matter of fact, problems beganvery early, with Huey Newton arrested in October of 1967 after a shoot-outin which one police officer was killed and another seriously wounded.Newton, who also had four bullet wounds, was charged with murder, intent tocommit murder, and kidnapping. Instead, they were supposed to serve asprotectors and observers, carrying the guns only for self-defense. Essentially, the Black Panther Party had its genesis in the work ofthe Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's efforts to enable blackcitizens to participate in the political process. Good housing; 5. A UN plebiscite for blacks to determine their national destiny(Hampton and Fayer, 199 ). They were available to teach members of theBlack Panthers how to use weapons and tactics and they were furtheralienated from American society because of the war itself and the lack ofsupport for them on their return. Like many of the other social movements of that era,they were suspected by the FBI and other authorities of beingrevolutionaries somehow linked to an inter-national Communist conspiracy.While these social movements represented an attempt by large segments ofthe population, particularly those marginalized, to realize the promises ofAmerican democracy, they were not perceived as particularly American, butas un-American and ungrateful (Burns, 199 ). The incident in Chicago was essentiallyan attack by police on Fred Hampton, Chair of the Illinois Party, and othermembers of the Party sleeping in one apartment. Nonetheless,the police killed two people during this raid (Wilkins and Clark, 1973).Eventually, the federal, city, and county governments paid a settlement of$1.85 million to the survivors of the raid and the families of Fred Hamptonand Mark Clark (Hampton and Fayer, 199 ).Conclusion Although the Black Panther Party continued to exist, its heyday wasthe late 196 s. They were alsoconcerned to find something that would be obvious, because many blacks werestill illiterate or unable to make out very much. (199 ). In some respects, the history of the Black Panther Party is a historyof all those depredations by the police, and abuse of power, that the Partyhad been formed to defend people against. That birth was an outgrowth of white resistance in the south to anyinclusion of black Americans in the structures of power. Voices of Freedom. (1991). The History of the Black Panther PartyIntroduction The intention in the following pages is to explore the history of theBlack Panther Party from its origins during the 196 s. None-theless, he agreed tostart a newspaper, which very early reached 1 , copies in print anddistribution. The gang origins of many members of the Party provedto be problematic and lead to gang behaviors on many occasions.Essentially, too, Chicago and its violence was so shocking that it createda climate in which both sides were repudiated by the vast majority ofcitizens. This was not the end of the major shoot-outs, however. Full-employment; 3. NY: Harcourt BraceJovanovich. References Burns, S. Powledge, F. (1968). One of the main organizers at that time, John Jackson, talked aboutthe development of the party. The major incident, however, occurred in Chicago and represented boththe apex of the Black Panther Party's media visibility, and the apex of itsinfluence in the black community. The intent of the Party, according to her, was to provide thosedisaffected young men with a way to channel their energy positively intothe struggle on behalf of their community. The Ten-Point program involved many different issues besides theproblem of the police, however. The actual origin of thename developed from a meeting in which someone suggested a cat for a symboland somebody else suggested a black cat. (199 ). Elaine Brown (Hampton and Fayer, 199 ) notedthat the party reached out primarily to young, black urban men who werealready on the streets, who were already gang members used to violence andtrouble. Cleaver actually described his attacks on whitewomen as a revolutionary act directed particularly against white men(Cleaver, 1968). Seize the time: The story of the Black PantherParty and Huey P. Cleaver (Hampton and Fayer, 199 ) noted that he eventually becameMinister of Information for the Black Panther Party even though heinitially had some doubts about its vision. Heindicated that the intent was to create a group of people that wererespected within the community and could serve as role models. The writers, such as Franz Fanon, and leaders, such as Che Guevara,of these other struggles also became important to the new movement. The BlackPanther party continued to spread throughout the country, with majorchapters in 25 cities, including Los Angeles, New York, Des Moines, JerseyCity, and Chicago. Other members of the Black Panther Party, both in Oakland andelsewhere, had been gang members and still acted like gang members on manyoccasions. As a consequence of all these different factors, a number of peoplewere killed, including those first police officers. There is, however, another story about how the Black Panther Party wasfounded. Newton. (1973). This was also the summer in which riotsbroke out in several locations. The term "Black Power,"had already been generated in regard to the development of black economicand political influence on the larger society. NY: Random House. Education that reflected the black experience; 6. He was killed after ashoot-out with police following Martin Luther King's assassination. Seale, B. Huey Newton (1973) noted that the Black Panther Party was modeledsomewhat after the Black Muslim program, only without the religion. Social movements of the 196 s: Searching fordemocracy. Financial restitution for slavery and black suffering; 4. In this version, the Black Panther Party was founded in Oakland,California, although inspired by the efforts of the Lowndes County FreedomOrganization in Alabama. However, members of the BlackPanther Party were not totally innocent. This had created a greatdeal of fearful reaction on the part of white Americans in both North andSouth. As a consequence, they began to look for a goodname and easily recognized symbol for their new party. NY:Harper and Row. COINTEPRO was a counter-intelligence program designed to disruptand expose the efforts of black nationalist groups in order to defuse theirthreat to national security. The Black Panther Party did clearly perceive itself initially as arevolutionary party, which was justified in engaging in criminal acts inorder to fight back against an oppressive society and in order to financeits activities on behalf of the black community. Newton, H.P. As a consequence, rules were included which sought to manage thebehavior of party members. Although carrying guns was legal under California law atthat time, it was an alarming prospect to the white community to see youngblack men carrying guns on the streets of the city. Soul on ice. By the early 197 s, FBI programs and the Black PantherParty itself had worked to discredit the Party, even within the blackcommunity. Black juries for black defendants; and, 1 . Boston, MA: Little, Brown, andCompany. Since the Democraticparty would not allow blacks to run in the Democratic primary, SNCC decidedto encourage the formation of the new party, which would provide blackpeople with that opportunity. Jackson notedthat it was not a racist attempt, but a response to the fact that blacks inthe south had substandard schools and were illiterate, but could clearlyrecognize a black cat and distinguish it from the symbols for theDemocratic or Republican parties (Powledge, 1991). There are those whoidentify the Black Panther Party with the present-day militia movement, buttheir origins are quite different, even though their methods and intentionsmight seem to be similar.Origins Although the Black Panther Party is probably most associated in memorywith the large urban cities of the north, it had its birth in the ruralsouth. (1973). It gradually became a symbol ofthe black panther, and the Black Panther party was born. The Black Panther Party newspaper was a very successfulvehicle for the Party and really reinforced its national spread by the endof the 196 s.Shoot-outs Obviously with all the guns and confrontations, there was greatpotential for serious armed conflict. Essentially this party developed in response to perceptions that thepolice were antagonistic to the city's black population and were involvedin considerable brutality toward that popula-tion. This new Black Panther Party was termed the BlackPanther Party for Self- Defense, and it was organized by Huey Newton andBobby Seale (Hampton and Fayer, 199 ). The party was groundedin the belief that the police, who were predominantly white, served asagents of the white community in containing and restraining the blackcommunity from obtaining appropriate economic and political power (Seale,197 ). Hampton and Fayer (199 ), in their oral historyof the civil rights movement also included voices from the Oakland policedepartment of that time. Next to die was BobbyHutton, a member of the Oakland Black Panther Party. As a consequence, the whole climate of thecountry was rather tense and violent. andRobert Kennedy were assassinated. Revolutionary suicide. Many of them had jail records formajor crimes against other people. And Clark, R. Exemption of black men from military service; 7. The SNCC organizers in Lowndes County had attempted to ensureblack inclusion in both the voting and candidating process, but had beendenied opportunities by the local Democratic party. Edgar Hoover deciding in 1968that the Black Panther Party was the most threatening movement in terms ofthe internal security of the country (Wilkins and Clark, 1973). Self-determination in black communities; 2. The Party included numerous rules and regulations, along withtheir 1 points, which were designed to make it a positive force in urbanareas. Yet the Black Panther Party was clearly designed to avoid this kind ofproblem. As Huey Newton noted about the distinctiveuniforms of the Black Panthers, they were adopted in part because theyresembled uniforms of other revolutionaries in the Third World (Newton,1973). They did not acceptthat black men needed to protect themselves, or their community, from thepolice, but interpreted the action as a step toward armed insurgency, orrevolution, which had to be put down by the forces for law and order.Standoff with the Police The Black Panther Party became a target of police and FBI surveillancefrom the beginning. Release of all blacks held in prison; 9. With that increased growth came increased attentionfrom the police, and from the FBI, with J. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.