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Air Pollution   Term Paper ID:27894 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Discusses the nature of air pollution & of clean air. Reviews the major types & sources of air pollution. Assesses the outlook for the future.... More...

5 Pages / 1125 Words 5 sources, 10 Citations, APA Format $20.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Discusses the nature of air pollution & of clean air. Reviews the major types & sources of air pollution. Assesses the outlook for the future. Paper Introduction: AIR POLLUTION The question of what constitutes air pollution should begin with a definition of what constitutes clean air. Even clean air contains many substances other than oxygen and nitrogen, its major constituents, including rare gases such as argon, neon, and helium, as well as ozone, carbon dioxide, radioactive materials from the earth, and various nitrogen and sulfur compounds. The air would also contain variable amounts of water vapor and many suspended solid particles and liquid substances. Suspended materials known as aerosols are defined as dust particles and condensation nuclei, the latter consisting of chloride salts, sulfuric and nitrous acids, phosphorous compounds, and many other chemical substances. These nuclei have an affinity for water and Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. & Miller, R. Some air pollution is natural, deriving from such events as volcaniceruptions, fires, and carbon dioxide eruptions in the form of methane gas.Air pollution consists of the nuclei noted above, which outnumber thenumber of dust particles in the air many times over, and because of theirsmaller size they are easily transported by air currents to higheraltitudes and greater distances than are dust particles (Miller and Miller,1989, 4). Hard work causes the individual to suck uplarge amounts of air, primarily through the mouth so it bypasses the built-in air filter of the nose. --Exercise enthusiasts, since an adult quietly reading a magazineinhales 6 liters of air a minute, while one riding a bike or jogging couldbreathe in 1 liters of air a minute and that much more pollution. Smog is worse in summerbecause the ozone, the component in smog that makes it hazardous to humanhealth, is created when bright sun and high temperatures react withhydrocarbons and other pollutants produced by factories and auto emissions. Carbon monoxide andhydrocarbons come from fuel combustion in vehicles primarily, while sulfuroxides come from fuel combustion in stationary sources. (Nordhaus, 1993, pp. The air would also contain variable amounts of watervapor and many suspended solid particles and liquid substances. Stanford: Stanford University Press.----------------------- 7 New York: Bantam Books.Miller E. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH Air pollution can have an effect on a number of health problems, andit is especially hard on the lungs. Thesenuclei have an affinity for water and play an important role in thetransformation of water vapor into fog, clouds, and precipitation (Miller &Miller, 1989, p. The American Economic Review, 313-323.Shannon, S. --Children, who have three counts against them: 1) They run aroundoutside a lot. 11). --Healthy adults, for many people who might not think they areaffected by smog may actually have diminished lung function and otherhealth effects (Shannon, 1991, pp. Even clean air contains manysubstances other than oxygen and nitrogen, its major constituents,including rare gases such as argon, neon, and helium, as well as ozone,carbon dioxide, radioactive materials from the earth, and various nitrogenand sulfur compounds. Among the human pollutants found in the air today in varying amountsare the following: arsenic, benzine, cadmium, carbon dioxide, carbonmonoxide, chlorine, fluoride ion, formaldehyde, hydrogen chloride, hydrogenfluoride, hydrogen sulfide, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, nitricoxides, silicon tetrafluoride, and sulfur dioxide. Suspendedmaterials known as aerosols are defined as dust particles and condensationnuclei, the latter consisting of chloride salts, sulfuric and nitrousacids, phosphorous compounds, and many other chemical substances. (1993, May). . Setting optimal policies for the control of GHG's [greenhouse gases] poses daunting problems of data, modeling, uncertainty, international coordination, and institutional design. There are certain people who should be especially concerned onsmoggy days: --Anyone whose lung capacity is already diminished, such as peoplewith lung and heart problems, asthmatics, and the 14 million Americans withemphysema or chronic bronchitis. 9). (1989). 313)In addition to the problems discussed above, there is the matter of thedisappearing rainforests, which have been called the lungs of the planetand which are responsible for the replenishment of the air supply to agreat degree, so much so that the disappearance of these forests produces amajor health risk for everyone on the planet. Certain gases released into the atmosphere destroy the natural ozonelayer that protects the planet's surface from dangerous rays from the sun.There has been an increase in the incidence of skin cancers as aconsequence, and it has been estimated that for every 1 percent decrease inthe concentration of ozone in the atmosphere there would be at least a 5percent increase in the number of nonmalignant skin cancers each year inthe United States, or an additional 1 , to 2 , victims over currentfigures. --People who work outdoors, and the more strenuous the work, the morevulnerable the individual. The five main categories of airpollutants emitted by these sources are carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides,nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and particulates. Othersbelieve that we may be able to control air pollution by controlling theemissions we allow into the atmosphere, though the problem of alreadydepleted ozone levels is more difficult to address. REFERENCESGribbin, J.(1988). Natural pollutants may be limited to small areas or may bedistributed worldwide on rare occasions (Miller & Miller, 1989, p. W. . 2) Being smaller, they breathe faster. This loss is said to beirreversible, and to date efforts to stop the destruction have not beensuccessful. Optimal greenhouse-gas reductions and tax policy in the 'DICE' Model. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.Nordhaus, W. 6).When we refer to air pollution, we usually mean air pollutants resultingfrom human activity and thus something we believe we can control. Environmental hazards: Air pollution--A reference handbook. AIR POLLUTION The question of what constitutes air pollution should begin with adefinition of what constitutes clean air. Other pollutants arepetrochemical reactors, produced indirectly through photochemicalreactions: hydroxyl radical, nitric acid, nitrogen dioxide, nitrous acid,ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and sulfuric acid (Miller & Miller, 1989, pp.11-12). --The elderly, for lung elasticity diminishes with each passingdecade, though it is not usually notices if the person remains healthy. Nordhaus,professor of economics, writes: The threat of anthropogenic climate change has become a major economic and political issue, symbolic of growing concerns that humans are making irreversible and potentially calamitous interventions in global life-support systems. Woman's Day, pp. Smog normally rises and dissipates in the upper air, but a heat wave cantrigger a thermal inversion against which polluted air bounces and,trapped, fans out over the ground. William D. The deadly dangers of smog. (1991, June 18). Air pollution can occur indoors as well asoutdoors, and sometimes polluted air from outdoors comes into a buildingand pollute that air. OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE The outlook for the future is uncertain because some scientistsbelieve the turning point may have been passed so that certain effectscannot easily be corrected, if they can be corrected at all. In theurban and industrial areas of the world, the atmosphere contains a widevariety of pollutants that are caused by human activities, such aschemicals emitted directly into the atmosphere from identifiable sources,and others formed indirectly through photochemical reactions in the air(Miller & Miller, 1989, p. TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION There are three main sources of manmade pollution in the outdoor air:fuel combustion in stationary sources, such as power plants; fuelcombustion in mobile sources, such as automobiles; and industrialprocesses, such as oil refining. 4). D. . There are also pollutants that tend to occurindoors, such as happens when someone is smoking (Turiel, 1985, p. This is one medical problem that occurs long after exposure sothat the true incidence is not known at the present time (Gribbin, 1988, p.17). 44-47.Turiel, I. More than half theparticulates emitted into the air through human activities come fromindustrial processes and stationary combustion sources (Turiel, 1985, p.1 ). The hole in the sky. In the summer when everyone isoutdoors, smog can damage even healthy lungs. It can remain for days, getting worseand worse. Addressing the problem of air pollution would seem to be aglobal and not merely a local issue. (1985). 44-45). 3) Since theirlungs are still developing, they are also more vulnerable to damage fromheavy air pollution. Indoor air quality and human health. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.