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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE.   Term Paper ID:28408 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Discussion of issues: identification & counseling of those at risk, incl. Secondary victims (children). Punishment of batterers. Education of healthcare professionals. Public education programs.... More...

9 Pages / 2025 Words 20 sources, 20 Citations, MLA Format $36.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Discussion of issues: identification & counseling of those at risk, incl. Secondary victims (children). Punishment of batterers. Education of healthcare professionals. Public education programs. Paper Introduction: Domestic violence, now often referred to as intimate partner violence, is almost epidemic in America. The latest National Crime Victimization Survey identified more than 960,000 incidents of violence against a current or former spouse, boyfriend, or girlfriend occur every year in America alone (Willson et al, 2000). About 85 percent of victims are women. Although women are less likely overall to be a victim of violent crime, they are 8 times more likely than men to suffer violence at the hands of an intimate partner. A population-based telephone survey in South Carolina in 1998 showed that 25 percent of women and 13 percent of men had experienced some form of intimate partner violence during their lifetime (U.S. Center for Disease Control, 2000). Although women were significantly more likely to experience physical and/o Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Patients seekingtreatment for pain were four times more likely to be screened for domesticabuse. Against Women, 6, pp. Y. & Senn, C. The conclusions drawn from thestudy were that abuse, neglect, and oppression erode a woman's strengths,and incidents of violence and trauma can diminish her opportunities to formhealthy relationships. Viol.15, pp. Interpers. Viol. M. E. Pract., 49, pp. Viol. 691-694. Eng.J., 89, pp. 495-514. 553-559. Brown Univ. Role of victims= servicesin improving intimate partner violence screening by trained maternal andchild health-care providers. V., & Loeb, T. It isalso dependent on the degree of investment in the relationship. (1999, December). J. JAMA, 282, pp. Elliott, B. Most women surveyed whohad lodged complaints expected to receive some form of support andprotection, but they perceived the police as not understanding theirsituation, being suspicious of their motives for making a report, andbelieving them to be seeking revenge or monetary compensation (Shoham,2 ). Hispanic gay men reportedthe highest incidence of violence against them - 13.6 percent. 996-1 8. Coker, A. Itindicated that marital abuse, sexual coercion, rape, and trafficking inwomen and children are forms of violence that lead directly to infectionwith HIV. (2 ). J. Shoham, E. About 85 percent of victims are women.Although women are less likely overall to be a victim of violent crime,they are 8 times more likely than men to suffer violence at the hands of anintimate partner. One study found that victims ofchild abuse are four times more likely to assault family members or sexualpartners than those without a history of being abused themselves. 428-437. Center for Disease Control. 8. Research on intergenerational transmission ofviolence: the next generation. A U.N. Gondolf, E. Henderson, C. (2 ). These results suggest that aspects of socialinformation processing are more closely associated with abuse than aregeneral attitudinal variables. Minimizing negative experiences:women=s disclosure of partner abuse. Court dockets andclinical records were reviewed for the year prior to, immediately after,and two years after, implementation. Mandatory court review and battery programcompliance. 15, 251-261. Phys., 6 , p. Interpers. 71-73. Wyatt, G. References American Academy o Family Physicians. B.(2 ). Beh. Hastings, B. Fam. 137-138. Crim., 44, pp.242-257/ U.S. They cited violence against women and girls as theleading cause of death and disability among women aged 15 to 44 worldwide. Off. (1999). Eight percent of the men had physically abused theirpartners in the last year and 15 percent in their lifetime. Interpers. 1. Screening for family violence: overcoming thebarriers. &Comp. Am. Fritz, G. More than 2 percent of women,11.5 percent of homosexual and bisexual men, and 7.5 percent ofheterosexual men reported incidents of violence. J. AIDS Alert, 15, p. Childneglect and psychological and emotional abuse can also have long-lastingeffects on the child. A complicating factor is the environment: anenvironment which leads adults to be abusive may also have direct affectson the child apart from the actual abuse suffered from family members. Government Printing Office. Screening could take place in health centers by maternal and childhealth care providers, but a recent study showed that the screening wasincomplete (U.S. A. AIDS Weekly Plus, p. Primary care physicians do not usually screen for domestic partnerabuse unless there is evidence of injury (Rodriguez, Hauer, McLoughlin andGrumbach, 1999). Many doctors simply do not have the time, others do not knowhow to handle the problem if they discover it, and others do not believe itis their job to do so (Elliott, 2 ). They reported that 43 percent of the people living with AIDS orHIV today are women. Domestic violence hurts children as well asadults. Bridgers, S. About half ofthe women surveyed used one or more of the services studied. Domestic violence, now often referred to as intimate partner violence,is almost epidemic in America. Other than women and children, many older people in the populationsuffer domestic abuse, though it is a less well known phenomenon. Doctors need to be educatedas to how to recognize signs of abuse in the elderly and encouraged toreport them to the authorities. A survey of 4 family practitioners revealed that almost8 percent inquire about abuse by intimate partners when patients areinjured, but only 9 percent to 11 percent screen new patients for domesticabuse. Willson, P., McFarlane, J., Malecha, A., Watson, K., et al. The results of a report on the use of medical care, police assistance,and restraining orders by women 18 to 59 years of age reporting domesticpartner violence showed that of the women who received police assistance,69.7 percent also obtained a restraining order (US Centers for DiseaseControl, 2 ). Many women do not report intimate partner violence because they do notfind their dealings with the police satisfactory. J. officials said violence againstwomen helps spread HIV. Intimate partner violenceamong men and women - South Carolina, 1998. Social information processing and the verbaland physical abuse of women. U.N. Physical and sexual abuse of children themselves may be as high as 27percent for girls and 16 percent for boys (Neugebauuer, 2 ). H., McKeown, R. The study showed a substantialincrease in compliance following the implementation of mandatory courtreview of cases in the Pittsburgh Domestic Violence Court. Center for DiseaseControl, 2 ). Hlth., 9 . Viol., 15, pp. The Lancet, 355, pp. Domestic violence is an issue which needs to be addressed on manyfronts: identification of those at risk; counseling of those at risk toreduce their likelihood of becoming a victim; identification of victims;identification of secondary victims (i.e. Screening and intervention for intimate partner abuse practicesand attitudes of primary care physicians. Int. Addict. Interpers. (2 ). A study estimating the frequency and correlates of intimate partnerviolence by type (physical, sexual, battering, or emotional) among womenseeking primary health care showed that of 14 1 women surveyed, 55.1percent had experienced some type of intimate partner violence in acurrent, recent, or past intimate relationship with a male partner, and2 .2 percent were currently experiencing intimate partner violence (Coker,Smith, McKeown and King, 2 ). Youngprenatal patients at a health clinic were screened and 29 percent had beenvictims of violence. U.S. K. Correlations and multiple regression analysisrevealed that women with histories of child abuse were more likely to beabused by intimate partners in adulthood. J. Elderabuse includes physical abuse, neglect, psychological abuse, and financialexploitation of an older adult (Sadovsky, 1999). Examining patterns of vulnerability to domestic violence amongAfrican American women. The latest National Crime VictimizationSurvey identified more than 96 , incidents of violence against a currentor former spouse, boyfriend, or girlfriend occur every year in Americaalone (Willson et al, 2 ). Viol., 15, pp. The.& Appl., 18, p. M., McLoughlin, E., & Grumbach, K.(1999). American Health Consultants, Inc. Use of medical care, policeassistance, and restraining orders by women reporting intimate partnerviolence - Massachusetts, 1996-1997.MMWR, 49, 485-488. Obviously, moreemphasis needs to be placed on screening for intimate partner violence inclinics for all women, since not only married women are victims, and manywomen live in intimate partner relationships outside of marriage. (2 ). 651-664. (2 ). 2677. Commission on the Status of Women report in 1999 declared thatviolence against women was helping to spread AIDS (Henderson, 1999). 969. Am. Compared to a group who had experienced no violence,women who had experienced violence tended to be at the severe end of thesubstance abuse scale. An HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study found thatnearly 13 percent of HIV patients surveyed had experienced physical harmsince their diagnosis of HIV infection. A study of the relationship between abuse and personality in 149 menshowed that scores on the Adversarial Sexual Belief Scale were most closelycorrelated with the Conflict Tactics Scale scores, and there was aborderline significant effect of private self-consciousness on verbal abusescores (Hastings, 2 ). children); identification andpunishment of perpetrators; education of health care professionals toscreen for domestic violence and recognize it symptoms; and an overt publiceducation program to alert the non-victim population to the problem andinvolve them in steps to counteract its spread. (2 ). P. Partner substance abuse and intimatepartner violence in the woman's family of origin were strong risk factorsfor a woman experiencing violence. Pub. The impact appears to be most severe onadolescents, and children may even experience a form of post-traumaticstress disorder similar to that seen in children living in actual warzones. In an attempt to curb domestic violence, and encourage perpetrators tocomply with court-ordered counseling programs, a study was conducted toexamine the impact of periodic court review of compliance with 12 weeks ofcourt-ordered batterer counseling (Gondolf, 2 ). J. E., & King, M. Study correlatesviolence, substance abuse in pregnant women. Neugebauer, R. Dig. Eleven percent of the women surveyed sought medical carebut did not seek police assistance or a restraining order. (2 ). Recognition and management of eldermistreatment. Rodriguez, M. J. L., Smith, P. Theimportance of this study is that it has been shown previously that women inabusive relationships are less likely to ascertain health care, and this isparticularly detrimental if they are HIV positive. Learning a language of nonviolence. Patients with combined injury and psychological problems were alsomore likely to be screened, and married women were more likely to bescreened than those whose marital status was not known. Many symptoms, such as crying andirritability in infants, to poor progress in school can result from theeffects of domestic violence on physical, emotional, and cognitivedevelopment in the child. Center for Disease Control. Fam. (2 ). A study of 135women from ages 19 to 61 found that almost half the women suffered bothphysical and verbal conflict and moderate to severe levels of physicalabuse with current or recent intimate partners (Wyatt, Axelrod, Chin,Carmona and Loeb, 2 ). Patientswant their physicians to ask about family conflict. Violence and substance abuse play a significant role in the lives ofsome teenage pregnant women (Manisses Communications, 1999). (2 ). Women often minimize the extent of domesticabuse when relating it to friends and relatives (Dunham and Senn, 2 ).Self-blame and a wide acceptance of violence may be reasons for his. Pp. MMWR, 49, pp. E., Axelrod, J., Chin, D., Carmona J. Overall, 97percent of patients questioned believed a physician should ask aboutdomestic violence, and interestingly, not only all the women who were everabused, but also all of the men who had been abusers agreed. Am. W. (2 ).Frequency and correlates of intimate partner violence by type: physical,sexual, and psychological battering. Elder abuse often goesundetected because physicians often attribute the medical consequences ofabuse to aging or underlying medical problems. There are problems inherent in screening for domestic violence on alarge scale. (2 ). Manisses Communications Group, Inc. Brown Univ. The battered wife=s perception of thecharacteristics of her encounter with the police. A., Bauer, H. Shebelieves that the adolescent can identify with a character when they cannotrelate to a friend, parent, or teacher. Bridgers (2 ) believes that young adult literature can helpadolescents come to terms with domestic violence by giving them theopportunity to address it in a secure and non-judgmental environment. They can address the issue ofdomestic violence indirectly without having to confront it head-on. A study among African American women revealed that child abuse andneglect, traumatic events, and other background variables relate to thetype and severity of domestic violence in these women. Attentionhas focused on whether child victims of abuse become child abusersthemselves or become otherwise aggressive. 468-478. The percentageof court referrals who completed the program increased by more than a thirdfrom 1994 to 1997, and nearly two thirds of the men who were referred tothe program actually showed up for an intake and completed the requirednumber of batterer counseling sessions. Sadovsky, R. While the primary victims of domestic abuse are women, children inhomes where it is taking place also suffer, and their plight often goesunrecognized by professionals who do not know how to recognize the symptoms(Fritz, 2 ). HIV status is a factor in domestic violence (American HealthConsultants, 2 ). A population-based telephone survey in South Carolina in 1998 showedthat 25 percent of women and 13 percent of men had experienced some form ofintimate partner violence during their lifetime (U.S. Ther. Dunham, K. (2 ). HIV patients increasinglyat risk for domestic violence. The authors suggest that pregnant teenagers who aredomestic violence victims may turn to substance abuse to escape theirstressful life situation. J., 16, p. The study also revealed that while 37 percent of doctors in publicclinics evaluated new patients for domestic abuse, only one percent ofdoctors working for HMOs did. (1999). Fam. NA. The study foundthat screening took place more often in routine visits, but was 23 timesmore likely to occur during adult medical visits. (2 ). (2 ).Severity of violence against women by intimate partners and associated useof alcohol and/or illicit drugs by the perpetrator. Phys. Child & Adolesc. 7 . MMWR, 49, pp. J. 114-115. W. It is estimated that between 3.3 million and 1 millionchildren in the United States are exposed to domestic violence every year.Domestic violence can affect children of any age, even if they are not thedirect victims of the abuse. Although women were significantly more likely toexperience physical and/or sexual violence, men were as likely as women toexperience emotional abuse. Government Printing Office, 2 ).A study in Boston, Massachusetts looked at the results of a PediatricFamily Violence Awareness Project which promoted prevention andintervention in cases of intimate partner violence, believing that thetraining would increase screening rates for women at risk. (1999, March). However, a study at the South TexasAmbulatory Research Network showed that of 12 men and 73 women questionedwho were currently in relationships, 9 percent of women report physicalabuse within the last year and 32 percent reported physical abuse duringtheir lifetime. 1116-1117. Certain guidelines have beenproposed for physicians who do wish to do this screening: it should not bedone in the presence of the abusing partner, or a verbal child; incidentsshould be reported to the appropriate authorities immediately, since in 5 percent of the cases where intimate partner violence is occurring, childabuse is also occurring; the screening can be done through a writtenassessment instead of an interview, which may be more comfortable for bothdoctor and patient; and doctors need to be educated on how to recognizesymptoms in a child who has witnessed abuse, such as difficultyconcentrating or sleeping, failing in school, discipline problems etc.There is a definite need for physicians to screen for intimate partnerviolence now that it is so prevalent in society. U.S. Theintergenerational transmission of violence is a complicated issue and onein which it is difficult to know where to pin the blame. 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