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CAUSES & TREATMENT OF VIOLENT JUVENILE CRIME IN U.S.   Term Paper ID:28754 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Study rationale, purpose, research methods to be used. Extensive literature review examines confliciting theories, risk factors & treatments. Abstract. Table of Contents.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Study rationale, purpose, research methods to be used. Extensive literature review examines confliciting theories, risk factors & treatments. Abstract. Table of Contents. Paper Introduction: Abstract The purpose of this research paper will be to investigate the conflicting theories on causes and treatment of violent juvenile crime in the United States. A review of the literature on the proposed subject will be performed and findings will be critically analyzed to provide an integration of information. The literature review to be analyzed will include the following subjects relevant to the topic: an introduction to juvenile crime, with trends and prevalence, state and federal activities, and criminal justice; conflicting theories, with the POM theory, social control theory, social bonding theory, and containment theory; causes of juvenile crime, including risk Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. External strengths include support fromfamily, personal relationships, school, and community, and the ability forconstructive use of time (MacLellan, pp. Found online at: Vega, W. Dukes, R. Schneider, J. Treatment orrehabilitation of the offending youth will also examine the role of thejuvenile justice system and the death penalty. Bazemore, G., & Terry, W. Statement on the effectiveness of anticrimemeasures. (1995). (1997). CriminalJustice and Behavior, 24(4), 477-494. A review of social bonding theory will demonstrate its focus on thelink between the individual and society. From the 198 s to 1994, juvenile crime in the U.S. Pediatrics, 1 5(3), 635-64 . FBI LawEnforcement Bulletin, 69(3), 15-18. Although research demonstrates the prevalence of violent juvenilecrime, it presents multiple, inconclusive views regarding other aspectssuch as causes and treatment. Kuhl, J., Jarkon-Horlick, L., & Morrissey, R. Since an understanding of juvenile crime would be assisted bythis integration of the previous findings, it is reasonable to report andcritically analyze the current literature regarding conflicting theories oncauses and treatment. (2 ).Reliability, construct, and concurrent validities of the self-appraisalquestionnaire: A tool for assessing violent and nonviolent recidivism.Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27(3), 356-374. References..............................................16 CONFLICTING THEORIES ON CAUSES & TREATMENT OF VIOLENT JUVENILE CRIME IN THE U.S. The reduction of violence and the prevention of crime are consideredon multiple levels. Brooks, T. Ward, J. 292). Prevention efforts haveincluded legislation and incarceration, however results of these solutionsare inconclusive (MacLellan, 2 ). (1997). Stasburger, V. Considered amajor social control theory, it has been used for nearly 3 years. 1-4). will assist with their integration. J. (2 ). Cockburn, A. 261-261). Verbal conflict resolutionin families of serious juvenile offenders. P. The role of adolescentpeer affiliations in the continuity between childhood behavioral adjustmentand juvenile offending. However,schools are still considered safe since less than 1% of homicides andsuicides among the school-aged group occur at school or while traveling toor from school. Homicide is reported to be the second leading cause of death forAmerican youth ages 15 years to 24 years. How state and local officialscan combat violent juvenile crime. It alsoconflicts with social control theory which states that the youth willviolate the law if they can get away with it, thus the need for controls.Further, it conflicts with the social bonding theory which includedsymbolic interaction or the individual's role in the perception of asituation. M., Davidson, W. Found online at:----------------------- 18 (1997). Gang membershipexposes its members to the risk of incarceration, injury, and death. State practices that will be reviewed include targeted crimeprevention strategies. F. A., Hazel, R. Adolescence, 32(126), 395-4 6. Antisocial behavior has been found to be associated with youthviolence and it is therefore a consideration for the treatment of violentcrime. Williams, R., & Borduin, C. (1995). The American Journalof Psychiatry, 157(6), 917-925. F., Klein, C., & Pranis, K. 637).Barriers to the successful treatment of offenders and the significance ofhelpful resources for the prevention of risk will be discussed. (1997). Federal agencies actively address thisproblem of school violence (Barrios, Baer, Bennett, & Bergan, 2 , pp. Further, attempts will be made to relate thesecauses to a particular theory. A review of the literature regarding treatment of juvenile crime inthe U.S., consisting of violence reduction and prevention, mental healthconsiderations, and barriers to successful treatment, will be presented.These factors will be related to a particular theory when applicable. Klein, K., Forehand, R., Armistead, L., & Long, P. 1 97/S. (1996). Study Rationale Though previous literature has made many attempts to report factorsinvolved in causes and treatment of violent juvenile crime in the U.S., ithas failed to provide a comprehensive, integrative analysis of thisinformation. Youth employment and delinquency:Reconsidering a problematic relationship. Fergusson, D. Other risk factors include lack of activity, including a lack ofemployment. Adolescence, 32(125), 199-216. 4). (1997). G., Zimmerman, R. (1997). L. How can we respond effectively to juvenilecrime? B. SocialForces, 78(3), 1 41-1 66. (1997). Developing delinquent youths:A reintegrative model for rehabilitation and a new role for the juvenilejustice system. A., Baer, K., Bennett, G., Bergan, A., et al. MacLellan, T. Sociability, school experience, anddelinquency. A., Rosenblatt, A., & Biggs, E. T. The conflicting aspects will be presentedin this review of the literature. (2 ). The discussion of risk factors for juvenile crime willincorporate the following: family functioning, with the quality ofperceived parenting, familial patterns of verbal conflict resolution, andfamily adversity and physical anomalies. Some researchers have concluded that school difficulties isone of the most accurate predictors of delinquency in the U.S. Ploeger, M. It has also been found thatpeer, family, and community relationships are important predictors of gangentry (Dukes, Martinez, & Stein, p. 6-8). The relation of family functioning toadolescent psychological well-being, school adjustment, and problembehavior. The Brown University Child andAdolescent Behavior Letter, 12(5), 1. T. D. (2 ). (1996). A large percentage of these offenders have been found to bechildren of abuse or neglect. Genderdifferences explain differences in the offense. B., Gordon, R. Some studies have found heavy drug use to bemore involved in violent crimes and other research has found alcohol abuseto be more associated with homicides and violent crime (Dukes, Martinez, &Stein, 1997, p. Thoughtsare either unconditioned or conditioned. Chambers, J. Drug and alcohol use and gang membership are associated with violentyouth crimes. State responses toserious and violent juvenile crime. (1997). The POM theory views the mind as like a projector, and the offenderprojects his thoughts from the inside to the outer experience. Detoxifying schools. 35 ). Literature demonstrates the relationship between situationalcomponents and crime. It istheorized that adolescents join gangs because "birds of a feather flocktogether." Alternatively it is thought that teenagers join gangs and arethen socialized toward antisocial behaviors. U.S. Risk factors have been identified and include individual,relationship, situational, and community aspects. Courtright, K. 5). Dealing with violent juvenile offenders.Employment and Social Services Division, NGA Center for Best Practices.Found online at: Ngai, N. (2 ). Clinton, W. Research Method This research paper will review the literature and presentconflicting theories on causes and treatment of juvenile crime in theUnited States. 139; Lahey, Gordon, Loeber, Stouthamer-Loeber, & Farrington, 1999, pp. This review will discuss theconflict between POM (Principle of Mind) theory, and social control theory,social bonding theory, and containment theory. Importance of the Study Lopez and Emmer (2 ) propose that a contemporary review of juvenilecriminal behavior needs to include an integrated approach (pp. S., Bynum, T. 6 Research Method......................................... When juvenile crime was atits peak in 1994, 16% of all homicides involved a juvenile. 2). Youth and Society, 29(2),139-165. 659). 7 Conflicting Theories.................................... Theoriesconflict, making a comprehensive understanding of the problem with possibleresolution, more difficult. Social control theory will be explored in this review. Research shows a relationship between media violence and aggressionin adolescents, with an estimated effect size of 5% to 15%. Modeling the patriarchal factor in juveniledelinquency: Is there room for peers, church, and television? The findings of this research paper will provide useful informationfor a more integrated understanding of the causes and treatment of violentjuvenile crime in the United States. M., & Horwook, L. Hinds, M. Combining physical activity with behavioralapproaches for treatment of criminal behavior will be discussed. S. Policies, laws, and the developmentand use of specialized courts for juvenile crime will also be presented(MacLellan, 2 ). Employment has been found to decrease delinquency, whetherthis consequence is due to a raised self-esteem, the building of arelationship with society, or the providing of an activity, is unclear(Ploeger, 1997, p. Lopez and Emmer (2 ) offer the contemporary view that a valid studyof juvenile criminal behavior must include an integrated approach. Vitelli, R. Alternatively, symbolic interactioninvestigations have focused on the individual's definition and subjectiveinterpretation of the crime situation. Gender, age, and race are additional factors, since mostjuvenile offenders are males that begin violent activities by the age offifteen (MacLellan, p. What if juvenile crime explodes? How to make a criminal. Implementing juvenile curfew programs. The conditioned thoughts are affected bythe situation. C., & Donnerstein, E. 2 Study Rationale......................................... Causes and treatment of the problemtend to be researched from different theoretical orientations. (2 ). Anassessment of the effectiveness of an intensive treatment program forseverely mentally disturbed juvenile offenders. Alternative treatment methods will include a review of behavioralcomponents. Gilgun, J. J. Withecomb, J. 635). (1997). Halpern, R., Barker, G., & Mollard, W. Causes of juvenile crime will be reviewed, including risk factors andaspects of recidivism. 199). In 1995, 147,7 of these indexed violent crimes were committedby juveniles. was on the rise.In 1995, 147,7 indexed juvenile violent crimes were committed which was a67% increase compared to 1986. Lahey, B. ExceptionalChildren, 66(3), 367-379. F. Introduction Research has provided information regarding violent juvenile crime inthe U.S. Social Education, 61(5), 244-249. 292-294). Violent crimes sometimes occurin school-associated settings. (1999). Anintegrated model would clarify how cognition, emotion, and motivationinteract with the context of the crime situation (Lopez & Emmer, pp. (2 ). Loza, W., Dhaliwal, G., Kroner, D. 5 Purpose of the Study.................................... Youth advocate: Public fear threatensgroundbreaking juvenile-justice law. 1 Background of the Problem............................... Unconditioned thoughts areinnate, rational, and insightful. Dohrn, B. Adolescence, 32(125), 61-81. The effects of media onjuvenile delinquency and crime will be discussed. This more recent focus on crimestudy has included the social learning theory, neutralization theory, andrational choice theory, which all include the role of cognition. Studies provide information from individualtheoretical perspectives, and each lacks consideration of another. American Journal of Public Health, 87(12), 1997-2 1. (1999). Curfew programs have beenused for a century to control social order and they are again being imposedto reduce juvenile crime. The number ofquality studies must be increased, and the evidence acquired must besystematically reviewed. Youth and Society, 29(2),238-253. P. (1997). This theory includes theinner and outer factors that push or pull the adolescent toward delinquencyand crime. T.V. (2 ). 293; Cox, Davidson, & Bynum, 1995, p. When an individual has strongbonds to significant others, their behaviors will be more likely to bedirected toward conformity (Kelly, pp. 119-12 ). The power-control theory includes thepatriarchal factor in juvenile delinquency and crime. Maltreatment of a child results in a 25%greater risk for future problems which include juvenile violence, substanceabuse, pregnancy, school problems and lack of achievement, and mentalillness. This review will report on federal surveillance activities, federalevaluation research and other research activities, and federal researchsynthesis and application activities. 9 Causes of Juvenile Crime in the U.S.....................11 Treatment of Juvenile Crime in the U.S..................133. Conflicting Theories An understanding of conflicting theories of juvenile crime in theU.S. Cox, S. Theories conflict regarding juvenile crime. (1996). Regardingtotal crime, prior to 1987, homicide offenders were equally black andwhite; by 1994, 61% of juvenile homicide offenders were black. 292-294). E., Jensen, J. (1997). (1997). Treatment of Juvenile Crime in the U.S. Adolescent male offenders: agrounded theory study of cognition, emotion, and delinquent crime contexts. (2 ). (1997). (1997). (1999). Although the POM theory includes aspects from bothsituational and interactional or cognitive theories, it also conflicts witheach (Kelly, 1996, pp. (1997). Balancing juvenile justice/ young blood:Juvenile justice and the death penalty. International Journal of Offender Therapy and ComparativeCriminology, 44(3), 35 -368. (2 ). The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 158(4), 467-479. 139). Precursorsand consequences of membership in youth gangs. This review will presentresearch findings regarding the relationship of drug use and gangmembership to violent youth crime. Rosenblatt, J. Acomprehensive overview regarding these conflicting views, would integratethe existing information. A review of the literature on the proposed subject willbe performed and findings will be critically analyzed to provide anintegration of information. Causes of Juvenile Crime in the U.S. Office of Justice Programs. For this theory,boys are viewed as being socialized for more risk-taking behaviors thangirls, and these tendencies may be manifested in delinquency. Membership in delinquent youth gangs has grown and a 1998estimate is that over 65 , juveniles are gang members. International Journalof Offender therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44(3), 395-397. Additional risk factorsthat are related to juvenile criminal recidivism will also be explored. The literature review to be analyzed will include the followingsubjects relevant to the topic: an introduction to juvenile crime, withtrends and prevalence, state and federal activities, and criminal justice;conflicting theories, with the POM theory, social control theory, socialbonding theory, and containment theory; causes of juvenile crime, includingrisk factors, and aspects of recidivism; and treatment of juvenile crime,consisting of violence reduction and prevention, mental healthconsiderations, and barriers to successful self-help or treatment. Wadsworth, T. The Heritage Foundation. (1997). Criminology, 35(4), 659-675. P., & Cheung, C. Journal of Youth andAdolescence, 26(6), 637-65 . Youth programs asalternative spaces to be: A study of neighborhood youth programs inChicago's West town. (1997). Journal of Youth and Adolescence,24(5), 617-629. fewer murders annually in the U.S., than there were in 1993, andthis could be attributed to efforts to give communities tools to ridthemselves of gangs, drugs, and guns. (2 ). The rationalchoice theory focuses on the study of specific events, with theindividual's evaluation of the costs and benefits related to the event, andthe decision to commit a specific crime (Lopez & Emmer, p. Hunter, J. A meta-analyticassessment of delinquency-related outcomes of alternative educationprograms. A. Adolescents' use of socially disvalued media:Towards a theory of media delinquency. 321-322). L., & Mutchnick, R. This research paper will review different contextual andinteractional theories and compare them to the POM theory. Sprague, J., & Walker, H. Comparison of early and late start models ofdelinquency in adult offenders. International Journal ofOffender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 41(4), 34 -349. Thistheoretical frame of reference may be used to help study and understandcauses and treatment of violent juvenile crime. Belknap, Holsinger, and Dunn (1997) report that childhoodviolations lead to increased risk of offending or being offended. Pediatrics, 1 3(1), 129-139. Department of Justice (USDJ). Kelley, T. Wootton, J., & Heck, R. Journalof Mental Health, 6(5), 433-442. Conseur, A., Rivara, F. Childhood abuse is therefore recognized as a factor leading tojuvenile crime. A., & King, R. R., &Saucier, J. Childhood abuse was also thought to be a factor.Initial solutions to the problem included incarceration of the juvenile,however effectiveness and cost benefits of this solution have not yet beendetermined (Crispell, 1997, p. Psychiatry, 59(2), 128-14 . (1997). Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24(2), 2 5-212. Measuringbarriers to help-seeking behavior in adolescents. M., Davis, B., & Hops, H. Attempts have been made to establish a theory that would allow forthe study of juvenile offenders and determine the causes and treatment ofviolent juvenile crime. E., Berg, B. National Review, 52(6),28-29. G., Loucks, N., & Swanson, V. O. Combining physical activitywith a behavioral approach in the treatment of young boys with behaviordisorders. An investigation is needed to report literaturefindings and provide information to facilitate the integrative process. Gang membership is also linked to delinquency, although additionalfactors such as gender, socioeconomic status, and race may contribute toits impact. One of the most dominant theoriesused by criminologists is Hirschi's social bonding theory. In 1997, President Clinton stated that therewere 5. R. 6 Importance of the Study................................. From 1994 to 1998, 45 violent crimesresulting in death were found in school-associated settings. 469; Ward, 2 , p. Causes of violence in children. (Lotz & Lee,1999, p. The author concluded that reliable evidence isneeded before the results can be put into action (p. The relationship betweenstudents' sense of their school as a community and their involvement inproblem behaviors. Familystructure versus parental attachment in controlling adolescent deviantbehavior: A social control model. Early identification andintervention for youth with antisocial and violent behavior. A. Anotherexample of a situational factor was the unlocked automobile, which wouldlead to theft (Lopez & Emmer, 2 , p. (2 ). (1997).Delinquency during the transition to early adulthood: Family and parentingpredictors from early adolescence. Roe, K. Sokol-Katz, J., Dunham, R., & Zimmerman, R. Phi Delta Kappan, 81(7),482. This combined with after-school programsand anti-drug campaigns were concluded as factors in this crime reduction. The Americanmedia glamorizes guns and this is believed to link adolescent homicides tothe media; guns are found in 26% of violent television interactions.Alcohol is also advertized on television and is thought to enhance theinfluence toward initial drinking episodes and later alcohol abuse(Strasburger & Donnerstein, 1999, p. (1997). Lotz, R., & Lee, L. M. 292-294). Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,27(4), 261. A spending bill was about to besigned allocating over $1 million for the hiring of local prosecutors,probation officers and others. 5). 321-329). SocialEducation, 64(4), 225-236. C. In the 197 s, situational selection theories andstudies, that focused on the offenders use of situational cues for decision-making, were popular. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this research is to provide a review of the literatureand a critical analysis of the information regarding conflicting theorieson causes and treatment of violent juvenile crime. Understanding these and other possiblecauses of youth violence is important since juveniles with more riskfactors are found to engage in violence from five times to twenty timesmore often. (1997).Maternal and perinatal risk factors for later delinquency. Exploring drug and alcohol use andvariables related to success among DUI offenders under electronicmonitoring - some preliminary outcome results. R. It is believed that those with a high degree of self-esteem will be more able to resist negative influences toward delinquency(Kelly, p. Small Group Research, 28(3), 357-369. Young and deadly. P. M. Prevalence has increased and solutions to this problem continueto be sought. The discussion will include trends and prevalence, federal and stateactivities, and the criminal justice system. This number was feared to double by the year 2 1 . A. Juvenilesexual homicide. Type of drug involvement and its relationship to level ofviolence is inconclusive. P., Barnoski, R., & Emanuel, I. Parish-Plass, J., & Lufi, D. J. Outline of Literature Review Relevant to the proposed topic and included in the literature reviewoutline will be the following subjects: an introduction to juvenile crime,with trends and prevalence, state and federal activities, and criminaljustice; conflicting theories, with the POM theory, social control theory,social bonding theory, and containment theory; causes of juvenile crime,including risk factors, and aspects of recidivism; and treatment ofjuvenile crime, consisting of violence reduction and prevention, mentalhealth considerations, and barriers to successful self-help or treatment. Along with the school environment is the concern withteenage whereabouts during out-of-school hours. Drugs wereblamed as were gangs and guns. Lesin, L. Statement of the Problem The literature has provided an extensive overview regarding youth andviolent crime. 129). G., & Loza-Famous, A. Other theories to be reviewed will be the power-control theory andthe rational choice theory. 42). 7-8). This discussion will includeeducation program outcomes, detoxification of the school environment,implementation of curfew programs, a look at neighborhood youth programs,participation in youth center activities, and the effectiveness ofelectronic monitoring of both drug offenders and alcohol abusers. Lopex and Emmer (2 ) point out the differences between situationalselection studies and symbolic interaction studies and further report thatall theories must be integrated for the comprehensive study of adolescentoffenders. The literature is inconsistent regarding family influences onjuvenile crime, however the consensus remains regarding the importance ofcontinued investigation on the topic (Chambers, Power, Loucks, & Swanson,2 , p. Battistich, V., & Hom, A. A part of this theory includes the emphasis on self-esteem or agood self-concept. The authors state that anintegrated or "grounded" theory is necessary for the comprehensive study ofcognition, emotion, and the contexts of delinquent crime (pp. This research will review these contextual components and theirrelationship to treatment of juvenile crime. A presentation of emotional components will consist of the followingfactors: early identification and intervention of those youths with apredisposition toward antisocial or violent behavior, criminal behaviorlinked with these or other emotional disorders, and the treatment of thementally disturbed juvenile offender. Heilbrun, K., Brock, W., Waite, D., Lanier, A., et al. Participation in youth centeractivities: a sequential specificity approach. The Journal of Behavioral healthServices & Research, 27(2), 227-237. Avakame, E. Next, symbolic interaction theories, which included cognitive andemotional components, became popular. StateBackgrounder No. (2 ). Boys who join gangs: A prospective study ofpredictors of first gang entry. A review of the Little Hoover Commission(1994) will provide an overview of academic studies and worldly experienceswith solutions regarding prevention of juvenile crime. J. Included in this research will be a review of legislative proposalsand ways that state and localities can participate in anti-crime programs.Public laws will be discussed. A final consideration is the problem of drugoffense and its relationship to crime, and what to do about it (Courtright,Berg, & Mutchnick, 2 , p. Child Welfare, 76(6), 827-832. 631; Kuhl, Jarkon-Horlick, & Morrissey, 1997, p. Currently, sports and other physical activities have become apopular method of treating different psychological problems (Parish-Plass &Lufi, 1997, p. References Arseneault, L., Tremblay, R. Drug use and violent crime amongadolescents. Shek, D. The relationship between the juvenile and their schoolexperience or sociability will be reviewed. 219;Halpern, Barker, & Mollard, 2 , p. Enos, G. AmericanDemographics, 19(12), 42-43. A critique of social bonding and controltheory of delinquency using the principles of psychology of mind.Adolescence, 31(122), 321-331. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 69(3), 1-7. (1996). It will also assist in thegeneration of future integrative studies which will further enhanceexisting knowledge regarding causes and treatment of violent juvenile crimein the United States. A contemporary view of the study of juvenilecriminal behavior includes an integrated approach (Lopez & Emmer, 2 ).This theoretical frame of reference will be used to guide the presentanalysis of existing literature. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15(6), 631-65 . This review of the literature will provide a background of theproblem and demonstrate the need for a more comprehensive understanding ofthe situation, with an introduction to juvenile crime in the United States. Dilulio, J. Report #127. This type of theory focuses on the socialfactors that influence both internal and external mechanisms found tocontrol an offender's behavior (Kelly, p. Pediatrics,99(6), 785-791. Little Hoover Commission (LHC). S., & Warheit,G. 7 Introduction to Juvenile Crime in the U.S............... Background of the Problem Research demonstrates that violent crime results from manyinteracting risk factors which include individual, relationship,situational, and community aspects. Riskfactors for juvenile criminal recidivism: The postrelease communityadjustment of juvenile offenders. Understandingincarcerated girls: The results of a focus group study. Cutting the edge: Current perspectives nradical/critical criminology and criminal justice. A historic look at adolescent crime shows that murderscommitted by teens between the ages 14 and 17, increased 165% between 1985and 1995. (1994). Outline of Literature Review............................ Rates offemale juvenile offenders are less than those of males, however femalearrests for violent offenses have increased 25% and rates for propertycrime have increased 21% (MacLellan, 2 , pp. Gough, P. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27(3),275-291. 321). J. violence! The Journal of GeneticPsychology, 158(4), 498-5 1. International Journal of Offender Therapyand Comparative Criminology, 41(4), 351-357. Violent kids can we solve the problem? Hagan, M. L., Martinez, R. M. MacLellan reports that efforts such as drug prevention, guncontrol, youth arrests, detention programs, and police counseling havefailed, and efforts that increase personal strengths are more successful.Internal strengths include learning commitment, positive values, socialcompetence, and personal identity. (2 ). This theoryassumes that strong social and personal controls are needed to keepjuveniles from preventing crime. (2 ). A., & Emmer, E. Juvenile homicides are usually committedwith handguns (9 %). 1 Statement of the Problem................................ Containment theory will also be discussed. (2 ).Rehabilitation in the new machine? R., & Slesinger, D. Petrosino (2 ) states that social scientists need more qualitystudies regarding the juvenile population to provide information for anevidence-based approach to solving the crime problem. Legislature, state and local officials all effort tocombat teenage violent crime. These social bondsare composed of attachment, commitment, involvement, and beliefs (Kelly,1996, p. (2 ). A., Apospori, E., Gil, A. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,27(4), 277. Petrosino, A. Forthis theory, when the individual has broken or weak bonds with society,they are considered to be predisposed to delinquency. This theory includes a focus on the mind as the sourceof the offender's thought process, emotions, perceptions, and ability toexperience the world through the senses (Kelly, 1996, pp. K. A., Power, K. E. Although help-seeking behavior for the emotionally disturbed andnondisturbed teenager has increased, most do not receive the help theyneed, and this increases risk for criminal involvement (Gilgun, Klein, &Pranis, 2 , p. Crispell, D. Office ofJuvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27(3), 292-311. The juvenile crimechallenge: Making prevention a priority. (2 ). O., & Stein, J. P., Cho, M. (2 ).The quality of perceived parenting and its association with peerrelationships and psychological distress in a group of incarcerated youngoffenders. States have begun scientific research projects withdifferent universities in the search of key and accurate informationregarding juvenile crime. Juveniles are more likely than adults to beboth the perpetrator and the victim of a crime. In spite of these statistics, even one homicide that isschool related results in concern. Children, adolescents,and the media: Issues and solutions. (1996). 357). The integrated theoryconflicts with the situational or containment theory that views theindividual as being pushed toward crime by situational factors. The POM (Principle of Mind) theory is a current and conflictingintegrated theory. (1999). The significance ofresources in models of risk. The effects of youth employment on juvenile crimewill be investigated. A medium's effects underscrutiny. MacLellan (2 ) reports that the juvenile violent crime indexincludes murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravatedassault. CA: Author.Found online at: Lopez, V. The PrisonJournal, 77(4), 381-4 4. Hepburn, M. 62. The Nation, 27 (1 ),1 . Acomprehensive analysis of the literature regarding conflicting theories,will provide useful information for a more integrated understanding of thecauses and treatment of violent juvenile crime. E., Boulerice, B., Seguin, J. Criminalbehavior and emotional disorder: Comparing youth served by the mentalhealth and juvenile justice systems. Abstract The purpose of this research paper will be to investigate theconflicting theories on causes and treatment of violent juvenile crime inthe United States. Dawkins, M. F. TABLE OF CONTENTS1. A critical analysis will be used to examine the existingliterature. For example, research demonstrated that particulartypes of crimes were associated with populated urban areas. 227; Sprague & Walker, 2 , p.367). A relationship has been found between schools anddelinquent behavior. (1996). Sociability beyond the family includes the school experience and peerassociations. Labor markets, delinquency, and socialcontrol theory: An empirical assessment of the mediating process. Child Welfare, 76(5), 665-716. (1997). (2 ). Controversy still remains, however, regarding the effectiveness ofrehabilitation of emotional disorders associated with juvenile crime(Rosenblatt, Rosenblatt, & Biggs, 2 , p. This review will discussthese points and other gender differences found, such as those regardingrates for separate offenses or drug status, and processing and treatmentdistinctions. Barrios, L. Childhood socialpredictors of adolescent antisocial behavior: Gender differences inpredictive accuracy and efficacy. Minor physical anomalies and family adversity asrisk factors for violent delinquency in adolescence. Belknap, J., Holsinger, K., & Dunn, M. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 33(48), 1911. The hope is to add this collaborative researchto the information found by other agencies and the juvenile justiceagencies, and find needed solutions. The Journal of SchoolHealth, 7 (4), 119-14 . A., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., &Farrington, D. A replication and elaboration of the esteem-enhancementmodel. International Journal ofOffender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44(3), 293-311. Crime and Delinquency, 41(2), 219-229. J. Introduction to Juvenile Crime in the U.S. (1997). Most theories have tended to study criminal behavior from thesituational perspective, employing contextual cues, and ignoring thecognitive and emotional components. L. 15). Youth and Society, 31(4), 469-5 6. Youth violence: False fears and hard truths.Educational Leadership, 55(2), 45-47. Youth and Society, 31(2), 199-223. (2 ).Federal activities addressing violence in schools. Research regarding prevention of juvenile crime reveals conflictingresults. Introduction............................................ If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.