A 

Abortion
Accounting
Advertising
Africa
African-American Studies
Aging
Agriculture
American Indian Studies
Anthropology
Archaeology
Architecture
Argumentative
Art: Artists (Alphabetized)
Art: General
Become an Affiliate and Earn $$$
Biographies (Alphabetized)
Book Reviews (Non-Fiction) (Alphabetized)
Business: Companies (Alphabetized)
Business: General
Business: Industries (Alphabetized)
Business: International
Business: Small
California
Canada
Caribbean
Child Abuse
China
Communication: Journalism
Communication: Language & Speech
Communication: Media
Communication: Non-Verbal
Communication: Television
Communication: Television & Children
Communism
Computer Science
Consumerism
Criminal Justice: General
Criminal Justice: Juvenile Delinquency
Criminal Justice: Police Science
Criminal Justice: Prisons
Cuba
Death & Dying: Euthanasia
Death & Dying: General
Death & Dying: Suicide
Drama: American
Drama: English
Drama: World
Drugs: Alcohol
Drugs: General
Economics: Banking
Economics: Economists (Alphabetized)
Economics: General
Economics: Inflation
Economics: International Trade
Economics: Macroeconomics
Economics: Microeconomics
Economics: Taxation
Education: Administration
Education: Curriculum
Education: General
Education: Higher
Education: Physical
Education: Psychology
Education: Reading
Education: Special
Education: Teaching Methods
Education: Theory
Energy: General
Energy: Nuclear
Energy: Solar
Environmental Studies
Evolution
Family & Marriage
Films: Artists (Alphabetized)
Films: General
Finance: Companies (Alphabetized)
Finance: General
Former Soviet Union: Post-1990
France
Gender & Sexuality
Geography
Germany
History: Ancient Greek & Roman
History: European
History: Great Britain
History: U.S. (After 1865)
History: U.S. (Before 1865)
History: U.S. Presidency
History: U.S. Presidents (Alphabetized)
Homosexuality
Immigration
India
Indonesia
International Relations: Arms Control
International Relations: Cold War
International Relations: Non-U.S.
International Relations: U.S.
Japan
Jewish Studies
Korea
Labor
Latin America
Law: Business
Law: Capital Punishment
Law: General
Law: International & Non-U.S.
Law: Supreme Court
Leadership
Literature, American: Authors (Alphabetized)
Literature, American: Faulkner
Literature, American: Fitzgerald
Literature, American: General
Literature, American: Hawthorne
Literature, American: Hemingway
Literature, American: Melville
Literature, American: Poe
Literature, American: Steinbeck
Literature, American: Twain
Literature, English: Authors (Alphabetized)
Literature, English: Chaucer
Literature, English: Conrad
Literature, English: Dickens
Literature, English: General
Literature, English: Joyce
Literature, English: Lawrence
Literature, English: Shakespeare
Literature, English: Swift
Literature, General: Children
Literature, General: Classic (Greek & Roman)
Literature, General: Russian
Literature, General: World
Management: General
Management: Japanese
Management: Motivation
Management: Theory
Management: Women
Marketing: Companies (Alphabetized)
Marketing: General
Marketing: Plans
Mathematics
Medical: Aids
Medical: Dentistry
Medical: Diseases & Disorders (Alphabetized)
Medical: General
Medical: Nursing
Mexican-American Studies
Mexico
Middle East: Egypt
Middle East: General
Middle East: O.P.E.C.
Military
Music: Classical
Music: General
Mythology
Nutrition
Parapsychology/Occult
Philosophy: Ancient Greek
Philosophy: Descartes
Philosophy: Eastern
Philosophy: General
Philosophy: Kant
Philosophy: Sartre
Poetry: American
Poetry: English
Poetry: Milton
Poetry: World
Political Science: Elections & Campaigns
Political Science: Foreign
Political Science: Lobbyists & Pressure Groups
Political Science: Machiavelli
Political Science: Mill
Political Science: Political Theory
Political Science: U.S.
Psychology: Behaviorism
Psychology: Child & Adolescent
Psychology: Disorders
Psychology: Dreams
Psychology: Experimental
Psychology: Freud
Psychology: General
Psychology: Jung
Psychology: Physiology
Psychology: Piaget
Psychology: Rogers
Psychology: Social
Psychology: Testing
Psychology: Therapies
Public Administration: General
Public Administration: Government Agencies (Alphabetized)
Racism
Real Estate
Recreation & Leisure
Religion: Eastern
Religion: General
Religion: Islam
Religion: The Bible
Research: Completed Studies (With Statistics & Results)
Research: Designs & Proposals
Research: Statistics & Methodology
Russia: Pre-1917 Revolution
Science: Astronomy
Science: Biology
Science: General
Science: Genetics
Sociology: Durkheim
Sociology: General
Sociology: Marx
Sociology: Social Problems
Sociology: Social Theory
Sociology: Social Welfare
Sociology: Weber
Soviet Union: 1917-1990
Sports: Drugs
Sports: General
Technology
Transportation: Automotive
Transportation: Aviation
Transportation: General
Transportation: Railroads
Urban Studies
Vietnam
Women Studies
 

ESL PROGRAMS.   Term Paper ID:29243 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: English as a Second Language versus bilingual programs.... More...

5 Pages / 1125 Words 8 sources, 9 Citations, APA Format $20.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: English as a Second Language versus bilingual programs. Instruction of minority group children. Contends that ESL programs are more effective than bilingual programs. ESL focus on learning English as the central activity, rather than the child's cultural heritage. Immersion in English as the optimal approach to literacy. Success factors of ESL pograms. Paper Introduction: English as a Second Language (ESL) Programs are More Effective than Bilingual Programs Introduction The numbers of minority students who have little knowledge of the English language are increasing in the United States. Classrooms currently contain increasing numbers of English as a Second Language (ESL) students. The Bilingual Education Act, which became law in the United States in 1965, was a governmental response to pressures from minority groups. Application of the Bilingual Education Act included a requirement that the instruction in public schools of minority children be in the child’s native language (Cordova, 2001). Questions persist about how to best help ESL students learn to read and write English. The debate regarding ESL programs v Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Why bilingual education policy is needed: A philosophical response to the critics. Immigrant students must eventually bemainstreamed into the regular classroom, but prior to this, they must learnto read and write English and learn to relate to their surroundings.Landay describes a successful ESL program which involved "immigrantstudents taking photographs related to their community and daily life andwriting a poem or story to accompany the photograph." The students tookpictures in school, at their home, and in the community and each week theytalked about these pictures in their classroom. Thus, ESL programs are more effective than bilingual programs. The sharing of poetry in choralreading allows for the development of oral language and the practice oforal fluency, without intimidation. Bilingual Research Journal, 26(1), 65-84.Ernst, G. (2 1). To preserve this right, Moses (2 2)reports that ESL proponents argue that "learning English should bestudents' central activity" (p. The Reading Teacher, 54(8), 796-8 7.Landay, E. . Bilingual programs may assist with thepreserving of the student's cultural heritage, however the ESL program ismore effective than the bilingual program because of its focus on learningEnglish. Classrooms currentlycontain increasing numbers of English as a Second Language (ESL) students.The Bilingual Education Act, which became law in the United States in 1965,was a governmental response to pressures from minority groups. (1993). For this ESL class, each day a poem is usedin a different manner, echo-reading, talking about meaning, or arrangingthe poem into a choral reading are examples. Additionally, Hadaway, Vardell, and Young (2 1) report on anotherexample of the connection between oral and written skills taking place inthe ESL class, with the use of poetry. E. The authors stated that sincethe 198 s, immigration has increased and classrooms are not only lookingdifferent but they are sounding different. J. Fitzgerald points out that studies have shown that the most optimalapproach to literacy is to immerse the learner in reading and writing assoon as possible. (2 1). in myEnglish as a second language classroom, writing is cool . Landay(2 1) reported that the ESL class provides an opportunity to developliteracy, but more than this, it also allows for the connecting of theclassroom and the community. The Reading Teacher, 48(4), 32 -327.Fitzgerald, J. 796). Support For Argument Controversy regarding how to assist ESL students focuses on how toteach English, what role a student's heritage language should have in theprocess, and whether or not there should be an effort to preserve thestudent's native culture. 333). ThisESL program was considered highly successful. Questions persist about how to best help ESL studentslearn to read and write English. "The unique appropriateness ofpoetry as a vehicle for providing practice and pleasure in oral languageskill development" (p. 32 ). Thus, it is concluded that ESLprograms are more effective than bilingual programs. . . Bilingual Research Journal, 25(1/2), 31-38. Moving from the ESL classroom into the mainstream: An investigation of English language anxiety in Mexican girls. Buenos dias, ahem, good morning! The debate regarding ESL programs versusbilingual programs continues. The Reading Teacher, 46(8), 638-648.Hadaway, N. Learning centers are createdwith chairs arranged for computer, writing, and listening activities. Artprojects and games are also provided. Thisexample defends the position that the conversational ESL classroom caneffectively use and connect reading, writing, listening, and speakingcomponents of literacy promotion and does not exclude the cultural identityof the student. Another success factor related to the ESL program is its ability toassist with cognitive development that is needed for the successful placingof a student in the mainstream classroom. They wrote about thepictures and shared themes regarding family, friends, and the community,with classmates. Ernst andRichard (1994) reported on an ESL classroom, quoting students " . English Journal, 9 (5), 66-74.Moses, M. (2 1). . The classroom contains artifacts from the diversecultures, world maps, and reading materials. L. deJong (2 2) reported that the bilingual classroom "builds ontheories that regard language learning as a sociocultural phenomenon inwhich student interactions are central to the learning process (p. Postcards from America: Linking classroom and community in an ESL class. And we talk and we read . . Pappamihiel (2 1) surveyed 178middle school students and determined that ESL students are anxious aboutusing English in their mainstream classes, with girls being significantlymore anxious. Fitzgerald (1993) reported "Learningto read and write in English is a fundamental right, as well asresponsibility, of language-minority students in the United States" (p.646). Scaffolding oral language development through poetry for students learning English. Effective bilingual education: From theory to academic achievement in a two-way bilingual program. Reading and writing pathways to conversation in the ESL class. Thus theESL class is needed to assist with this transition to the regularclassroom. M. ESL programs are more effective than bilingual programs due to factorssuch as the ESL focus on learning English. Factors that make the ESL program work include its ability to:focus on the learning of English which is the right of each ESL student;connect oral and written language; assist with cognitive development andmainstreaming; and provide a means of connecting the classroom and thecommunity. S. Literacy and students who are learning English as a second language. Bilingual Research Journal, 24(4), 333-354.Pappamihiel, N. I wish I could be inESL all day" (p. ReferencesCordova, K. Proponents of bilingual education argue thatbilingual education aids in preserving cultural heritage and facilitatingstudent interaction, which gives the student the most optimal learningcondition. Language and literacy learningexperiences are integrated for maximum conversation opportunities. The author states that "the process of moving an English asa second language (ESL) class to a mainstream class with no supplementaryEnglish support can be very traumatic for many ESL students." Thesestudents continue to struggle with cognitive academic language. A common practice is to teach the ESL student in aspecial class. The ESL student has a right tolearn to read and write in English. The photographs were organized into an exhibition. Factorsthat lead to the effectiveness of the ESL program include its ability tomaintain the connection between oral and written components of literacywithout excluding student cultural identity, develop cognitive abilitiesand assist in the transition to mainstream classrooms, and assist inlinking the student to the community. Hispanic, 14(5), 34- 39.deJong, E. The effectiveness of the ESL class is also due to its ability toassist students in the transition from one culture to another. Critics of the bilingual approach arguethat while bilingual education allows for student cultural identity andinteraction, these factors are also found within the ESL classroom and thetransition into mainstream classes (Moses, 2 ). This is an example of a conversational ESLclassroom, where English is the shared language and 2 other languages arerespected and spoken. (2 ). 66).Critics of the ESL approach argue that ESL proponents fear the maintenanceof the minority culture and favor assimilation into the American culture.Proponents of the ESL approach argue that the teaching of English should bethe main focus, and that this purpose is best served without a focus onpreserving cultural identities. Conclusions The bilingual program may be proficient at preserving the minorityculture, however, the right of each ESL student to learn to read and writein English, is best served by the ESL focus on learning English. Signs and labels are placed onfurniture and objects, pictures and photographs are used to displaychildren from different cultures. Another factor leading to ESL effectiveness is that the ESL classpromotes reading and writing literacy. Studies have found that ESLclassrooms successfully connect oral and written language. Applicationof the Bilingual Education Act included a requirement that the instructionin public schools of minority children be in the child's native language(Cordova, 2 1). we can writewhat we want to write. . English as a Second Language (ESL) Programs are More Effective than Bilingual Programs Introduction The numbers of minority students who have little knowledge of theEnglish language are increasing in the United States. (2 2). (1994). (2 1). Students in this class also vary in theireducational backgrounds. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.