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GENDER DIVISIONS.   Term Paper ID:29851 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines its presence in British society.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Examines its presence in British society. British Council definition of gender as a social construction that produces inequality. Statistical evidence of gender-based divisions in the early 21st Century in the areas of education and training, employment, equal pay, public and political life, and work/life balance. Paper Introduction: GENDER DIVISIONS IN EARLY 21ST CENTURY BRITAIN Introduction This research examines relevant data to assess the extent of the continue presence of gender divisions in the United Kingdom (UK). This examination considers gender within the context stated by the British Council for the study of gender-related issues. In relation to the term “gender”, the British Council (2002 1) stated that: Gender is a social construction; it concerns the differing qualities culturally attributed to women and men …. The study of gender is, like the study of class or of race, also the study of inequality; we are interested in not only why women do not occupy positions of power, status or re Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. In addition to the higher level reports, more detailedreports present data related to issues such as sexual stereotyping,pensions, and selected occupations. "What Is Gender?" Background to Britain. Similarly, therelevant population proportions for some education-related issues are 48.7percent female and 51.3 percent male, while the relevant populationproportions for some pension-related issues are 64 percent women and 36percent men.Education and Training In relation to National Curriculum Assessments for pupils aged seven,11, and 14 in 2 1, girls outperformed boys in English competency bysubstantial margins at each age level. Further, the part-time employment rate for women (44%)is substantially higher than that for men (8%). Male concentrations exceeding 9 percent existed in construction,engineering, and the motor industry, while female concentrations near to orexceeding 9 percent existed in health/social care, hairdressing, and childcare. London: The British Council, 2 2. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Office for National Statistics. Thisexamination considers gender within the context stated by the BritishCouncil for the study of gender-related issues. Income is determined, however, by thecombined effects of the hourly rate and time worked. Journal of Economic Literature 62 (September 1999): 1- 24. In all other disciplines, women are over represented(Equal Opportunity Commission 5).Employment The overall employment rate for women (66%) is substantially belowthat for men (79%). In relation to apprenticeships, however, substantial gender divisionsemerged. The only substantial variation in this distributionpattern when political party affiliation is considered is among LiberalDemocrats, and even in this party affiliation group, 65 percent of thelocal councillors are men (Equal Opportunity Commission 12). When considering statistical data related to gender divisions inBritish society, one should bear in mind relevant population proportion inBritish society. Performance competency in science was approximately equal for girls andboys at the 11 and 14 years old age levels (science assessments are notconduced for seven year old students). The onlysubstantial variation in this distribution pattern when political partyaffiliation is considered is among Labour MPs, and even in this partyaffiliation group, 77 percent of the MPs are men (Equal OpportunityCommission 12).Work/Life Balance The provision of day care in Britain creates difficulties for womenwho desire work or other pursuits outside the home. In the 65 years old and older group, however,women account for 64 percent of the population (Office for NationalStatistics 2-3). Considered on aweekly basis, the gender differentiation in income is greater, with thefemale/male income ratio among full-time workers at 75% (Equal OpportunityCommission 11).Public and Political Life Men account for 72 percent of the local authority councillors inEngland and Wales. Retrieved from the Internet on 2 January 2 3 at: http://www.iser. In relation to higher grades, theperformance advantage for young women over young men persisted with thesingle exception of French language studies. The total number ofday care spaces available (1.1 million) is far below the number of childrenunder the age of eight years old in Britain (4.9 million). Works CitedBooth, A. "Job Mobility in 199 s Britain: Does Gender Matter". The data are presented in reports coveringGreat Britain as a whole, as well as in separate reports dealing withScotland and Wales. States, Markets, Families: Gender, Liberalism and Social Policy in Australia, Canada, Great Britain and the United States. In spite of the intellectual capacity demonstrated by young women inGSCE/SCE examinations, wide gender divisions exist in gender distributionsin higher education. S., Orloff, A. Facts About Women and Men in Great Britain 2 2. Further, the performanceadvantage for young women was narrower in relation to higher grades than inrelation to standard grades (Equal Opportunity Commission 4). Statistical Evidence of Gender-Based Divisions in British Society in the Early 21st Century The Equal Opportunity commission (EOC) published the results of anexhaustive survey of gender divisions in Great Britain in 2 2. In relation to the term"gender", the British Council (2 2 1) stated that: Gender is a social construction; it concerns the differing qualities culturally attributed to women and men .... Retrieved from the Internet on 2 January 2 3 at: http://www. In relation to major occupational groups, men are over represented toa substantial extent in management, the professions, technical, skilledtrades, and process/machine occupations. L., and Franscesconi, M. Relevant part-time employment rates by gender are as follows (EqualOpportunity Commission 14): > A child under the age of five in the home - 67 percent part-time employment rate for women; three-percent part-time unemployment rate for men > A child aged five through 1 in the home - 64 percent part-time employment rate for women; three-percent part-time unemployment rate for men > A child over the age of 1 years old in the home - 49 percent part-time employment rate for women; three-percent part-time unemployment rate for men Overall Assessment Julia O'Connor, Ann Orloff, and Sheila Shaver (2 9) concluded thatpolicies affecting gender in Great Britain continue to be influenced by the"male breadwinner" concept. At the Parliamentary level, 82 percent of the MPs are men. The data cover (1) educationand training (2) employment, (3) equal pay, (4) public and political life,and (5) work/life balance. Women also were overrepresented in retailing, customer service, andbusiness administration. Men account for approximately 85 percent ofengineering students, 8 percent of students in computer studies, 73percent of architecture students, 63 percent of students in the physicalsciences, and 62 percent of mathematics students. Gender divisions continue to be present to asubstantial extent in the UK in the early years of the 21st century. Manchester: Equal Opportunity Commission, 2 2. Population Trends 1 5 (Autumn 2 1): 2-3. In relation to GCSE and SCE examinations, young women outperformedyoung men in every discipline for which examinations were administered inrelation to standard grades. Retrieved from the Internet on 2 January 2 3 at: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/PT1 5_v5.pdf britishcouncil.org.tr/education/bcs/background/wome/definition.htmEqual Opportunity Commission. Whether we believe that inequality of the sexes is the result of genetic differences, the desire of men to control and dominate women, outdated attitudes and prejudices or historical struggle, it is undoubtedly the case that there is a continuous process of producing and reproducing inequality. essex.ac.uk/pubs/workpaps/pdf/99-26.pdfThe British Council. Gender representation was approximately equal inhotels/catering (Equal Opportunity Commission 5). S., and Shaver, S. Performance competency inmathematics was approximately equal for girls and boys at each grade level. In contrast, women are overrepresented in administrative/clerical, personal service, sales, andcustomer service occupations (Equal Opportunity Commission 8).Equal Pay Considered on an hourly basis, among full-time workers, the ratio ofaverage earnings for women is 82 percent of that for men. The findings of this examination confirmed the findings stated in thepreceding paragraph. "Mod-2 UK Population Estimates". Employmentdistributions according to gender that vary substantially from thesepopulation proportions may reflect gender inequality. The datain the published report reflect the status of gender-related differences asof 2 1 (Equal Opportunity Commission 1-14). gender divisions in early 21st century britain Introduction This research examines relevant data to assess the extent of thecontinue presence of gender divisions in the United Kingdom (UK). Women are somewhatbetter represented than men in medicine/dentistry, business/administration,and language studies. The study of gender is, like the study of class or of race, also the study of inequality; we are interested in not only why women do not occupy positions of power, status or responsibility in the same numbers as men, but also the process by which this occurs. This factor isrelevant with respect to the part-time employment pattern for women in theUK. Between the ages of 25 and54, the part-time employment rate for women is 43.3 percent, while that formen in this age group is 3.1 percent (Equal Opportunity Commission 6). Females account for 51 percent of the total population inGreat Britain; however, women account for only 47.4 percent of the working-age population (16 through 64 years old) and only 48.7 percent of allpersons under the age of 16. The performance advantage for young women wasnarrow in mathematics and science, but was substantial in otherdisciplines, including computer studies. Booth and Franscesconi (21) found that womenemployees in the UK are at greater risk of layoff than are men employees.They also found significant gender differences in part-time employment,which they attributed to the presence of children in the home. The relevant population proportions for issues such as employment,thus, are 47.4 percent women and 52.6 percent men. Among part-timeworkers, the ratio is 91 percent. Retrieved from the Internet on 2 January 2 3 at: http://www.eoc.org.uk/cseng/research/ factsgreatbritain.pdfO'Connor, J. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.