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STEREOTYPING AND ITS IMPACT ON WOMEN.   Term Paper ID:29925 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Explores how people form social perceptions, develop social identities and establish gender roles.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Explores how people form social perceptions, develop social identities and establish gender roles. Defines each category. Discusses theories (social cognition) about causes of stereotyping. Impact on women. Issues of female stereotypes perceived as objective rather than subjective. Corporate women. Formation of sexual identity & gender roles. Paper Introduction: Social Perception of Gender Roles and Social Identity Introduction There are many differences of opinion in the field of social psychology regarding the way in which people form social perceptions, develop social identities, and establish gender roles. The intention in this paper is to look at the question of stereotyping in terms of these three categories and explore how that impacts women as a whole and corporate women in particular. Defining the Terms Social perception. In their book, Aronson et al. (1998) define social perception simply as the way in which we form impres Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. and Akert, R.M. Onthe other hand, maybe it would lead to even more strong in-group socialidentities over the long-term and more stereotyping. It also leadsto pressure on individual group members to conform to these beliefs intheir cognition, in their action, and in their negotiation with other groupmembers regarding gender roles ad associated issues. Personalityand Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(7), 8 9-818. Ellemers, and S.A.Haslam (Eds.). (1999). Certainly creating cognitive dissonance is one way of accomplishingthis. (1997). This kind ofcognitive processing may be useful for identifying plants in certaincategories, for example, but not in discriminating between male and femaleand attributing certain qualities and characteristics universally to themale or female group.Impact on Women What is the impact upon women as a whole? While they cannotturn back the world, they turn back male-female relationships in amicrocosmic sense by ensuring that they wind up dominant, winning out overthe woman who is reduced to an even more vulnerable, servile, pathetic rolethan even the most conservative stereotype. (1999) focused on how groups actuallycoordinate and form social perceptions and judgments. If the context does noteasily support the social perception of group homogeneity, does that leadto less crystalized social identities, more open gender roles, and fewerstereotypes? Shared motivation and cognition,Vol. and Higgins, E.T. There is pressure toreach consensus on gender role issues within the in-group (Haslam, 1997).Social Cognition and Stereotyping There are other theories about what causes stereotyping, however.For example, both Aronson et al. NY: McGraw-Hill. One might surmise if there is a way tocreate more open categories, or to think of categories, schemas, and modelsas more temporary. There is hypothesis, experiments, and revised hypotheses. According to Hardin andHiggins (1996), one of the results is that beliefs or stereotypes are nolonger perceived as subjective, malleable, and individual, but areperceived as objective. The authors concluded thatthis supports self-categorization theory and reinforces the belief thatinternalized group membership is a basis for structuring and regulatingcognition. This can then be seen as a contrastbetween the original group and other groups with perceived disparatequalities or characteristics. The social context leads to a form of self-stereotyping in which people perceive themselves as conforming to groupnorms and holding a consensualized social identity. Dilevko, J., Harris, R.M. Obviously one would have to begin with a definition of "diverse" interms of neighborhoods and perform a longitudial study of a certain cohortof children within that neighborhood. Lindzey (Eds.) The handbook of socialpsychology. Content analyses indicated that men weremore often portrayed in the ads than women, although the distribution wasrelatively equal in traditional library journals (which supportsstereotypes and traditional gender roles). One of the things that was striking in this study was the focus onsocial cognition and the way in which human beings organize their thinkingabout the world. Information technology and socialrelations: Portrayals of gender roles in high tech product advertisements. The social psychology of stereotyping and group life.Oxford, Blackwell.Haslam, S.A., Oakes, P.J., Reynolds, K.J. and Turner, J.C. Cognitive dissonance involves presenting information or experiencesthat are so in contradiction to the individual's basic beliefs, orcognitions, that a dissonance is set up that the individual must resolve.In some instances, this leads to a breakthrough, in which the individualchanges his or her cognitions in such a way as to incorporate the newinformation (Girandola, 1997). In terms of gender, if one internalizes a group membership as"feminine" woman, this affects the way one thinks about other women, andmen, and about associated issues. This seems to be what the scientific method dependsupon. Girandola, F. There are a number oftheories about that process, however, including the use of nonverbal cues,attribution theory, and implicit personality theory. It seemed possible to developa new way of processing information that did not allow the individual to beswamped by novelty, or swallowed up by chaos, but did allow for thebreakdown of stereotypes, including stereotypical gender roles. Social identity. Spears, P.J. (1997). (1998) definesocial perception simply as the way in which we form impressions of, andmake inferences about, other people (p. It would be aninteresting exploration.Conclusions In looking at some of the literature, it seems that social change isdifficult because of the way we tend to organize our thinking and the waywe form our social identities. This serves some useful purposes, but italso allows one to create entire categories of people that are negativelycompared to other groups, or categories of people who are identifiedfavorably. In other words, they are seen as truth, orreality, rather than as a specific group's perspective on reality. In R. SL5. If lifecould be lived in a similar way, it seems as though there would be lesstendency toward stereotyping of all sorts, including gender identity andexpectations of gender roles and behaviors.Exploring Stereotyping and Gender Roles In thinking about exploring the interrelationship of all of theseissues, it seems complicated to envision a way in which stereotyping didnot occur. Stereotyping is even more apparent in a study by Dilevko and Harris(1997) in which advertisements for technology products were sampled fromprofessional journals in business, computing science/engineering, andlibrary and information science. Cognitive dissonance, as is apparent by the terminology itself, is anuncomfortable situation, however. In their study, they explored the possibility that social perceiversare more likely to share an in-group stereotype to the degree that theyself-define and interact in terms of a common social category membership.They discovered that any actions on their part which tended to heightensocial identity salience also affected self-categorizations in such a wayas to enhance stereotype consensus. The intention inthis paper is to look at the question of stereotyping in terms of thesethree categories and explore how that impacts women as a whole andcorporate women in particular.Defining the Terms Social perception. This might prompt one to ask if this was a universal wayof responding to the world, or whether it was a particularly Western modelof categorizing and thinking about reality. Brewer, M.B. In this case, the men are clearly uncomfortable with the position ofwomen in their lives, along with the demand for equality, but what they dowith their cognitive dissonance is turn it into rage. The Journal of Social Psychology, 137(5), 594-6 5.Hardin, C. If conditions could be altered for eitherof these, that might lessen stereotyping and insistence on specific genderroles and behaviors. According to them, human social cognition involvesorganizing things into categories, gathering information together, formingmodels or schema, making hypotheses, and then generalizing from theseschema in order to make sense of, or interpret, new information. G-1 ). NY; Guilford. (1996). References Andersen, s. InD.Gilbert, S.Fiske and G. For example, as Brewer and Brown (1998) indicate the first step inhuman social cognition is categorization, or gathering things into groupsaccording to perceived similarities. It can include elements of social location and status, andis often self-defined, although influenced by other's perceptions. Thus,stereotypes about women and appropriate gender roles are seen as-if-objective, rather than as the subjective viewpoints that they represent.Impact on Corporate Women One of the more interesting recent portrayals of the interplay ofsocial perceptions and shifting gender roles was a movie, "In the Companyof Men," in which two men decide to get their revenge against all women whothey perceive as involved in shafting them by demanding equality. Haslam(1997) noted that the social context is important in making a particularsocial identity salient. They doso by picking on a vulnerable, lonely woman, using cruelty to reinforcetheir absolute requirement that gender roles remain the same so that theyare able to receive what they feel entitled to receive (Andersen, 1997). Do people who grow up in more diverse neighborhoods have morefluid social identities and fewer stereotypes? One of the more important issues in which this shared,consensual reality becomes important is in determining gender roles.Again, looking at the group process, it is easy to see how stereotypes canoccur and how group pressure can be exerted on anyone who goes beyondstereotypical roles. Since people are so mobile, however,the children may not remain in the neighborhood for very long, but perhapseven short exposure to diversity would lead to more fluid identities. Socialidentity salience and the emergence of stereotype consensus. Gender roles. Haslam, S.A. If an individual is within a particular socialcontext, they tend to derive their social identity there and stereotypethemselves (which also leads to stereotyping others in the out-group).This leads to consensus beliefs within the in-group which perceives itselfas more homogenous than it really is in terms of gender characteristics,qualities, activities, aspirations, skills, and potential. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48(8), 718-727. Social Perception of Gender Roles and Social IdentityIntroduction There are many differences of opinion in the field of socialpsychology regarding the way in which people form social perceptions,develop social identities, and establish gender roles. From that point on, stereotyping continues into bias,prejudice, and discrimination. Double forced compliance and cognitivedissonance theory. Movie Review: In the Company of Men. (1999). The NewsTribune, September 26, 1997, p. (1999) and Brewer and Brown (1998)discussed stereotyping as the dark side of the way that human beingsprocess information. There are several possibilities for exploration, however,including: 1. This is not the result of any inherent evilin human beings, but of misapplied cognitive processes. This works to enhancethe perceived homogeneity of that specific group and it also createsexpectations that the individual will both conform to the shared identityand agree with other group members on issues relevant to that sharedidentity. In other words, the more that peoplefelt themselves to belong to one social identity, the more strongly theycategorized themselves with other people who shared specific stereotypes.Interestingly enough, these effects appeared even more strongly whenstereotype checklists were completed in groups. Intergroup relations. (1997). Recently, Haslam et al. Thus, if one internalizes a group membership as "heterosexual,"for example, this is a primary basis for structuring and regulating the wayone thinks about sexuality, about homosexuality, and about associatedissues. This is thefoundation of stereotyping which depends upon widely shared socialperceptions within social groups. Social psychology. On the other hand, thedepictions of male and female roles in technology was highly stereotyped.Men were most often portrayed in images showing them as deep thinkers,originators, and innovators for the future, while women were portrayed inads which focused on the simplicity of the use of the product.What is Everyone Missing? Social identity is a more complicated term and lesswell-defined. Aronson, E., Wilson, T.D. (1998). Stereotyping and social influence: Foundationsof stereotype consenss. and Brown, R.J. (1997). In their book, Aronson et al. 3. NY: Longman. Oakes, N. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.