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NATIVE AMERICANS OF NEW ENGLAND.   Term Paper ID:30008 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Discusses how the first European settlement of Southern New England disrupted the Native American culture of the regions.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Discusses how the first European settlement of Southern New England disrupted the Native American culture of the region. Differing structures and social systems of Indian & European cultures. King Philip's War (1675-1676). The issue of land ownership, and scarcity of good, arable land leading to friction and eventual violance. Paper Introduction: Southern New England was the home to a complex civilization when some of the first European settlers to the New World came to the area that is southern and eastern Massachusetts, the eastern part of New Hampshire, Rhode Island and most of Connecticut. Although there were regional differences throughout this area caused by differences in the environment as well as by the inevitable differentiation of people into subcultures, this region was unified by what can be viewed into a single cultural group. That culture -– along with the lives of individual American Indians -– would be in large measure destroyed during the 17th century as their culture came into conflict with that of the Europeans. This paper takes as its focus the culture of the Native Americans of Southern New England and also why it was so terribly disru Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. The fate of the Indians in Southern New England(as well as in at least some other areas of the United States) had both todo with the structure of Native American culture and the nature of theIndians' desires as well as the structure of European culture and thedesire of the white settlers. The war ended in August if 1676 when Philip was killed. 37). 1 5). Itshould be remembered that this picture is not a complete one, and much ofthe richness of Indian life has been lost forever to the heavy erasures ofhistory. And we have also heard stories about how theIndians were in some sense tricked into giving away their land because theydid not understand or share European ideas about property ownership. Not Quite Robbery, Not Quite Trade We have all grown up hearing stories about how the Europeans settlersin the United States simply stole the Indians' land because they hadsuperior weapons as well as a sense of psychological superiority - theybelieved that as Christians that they had the right to take away the landof dark-skinned pagans. 15, Northeast. The Indians of this region could hold land inprivate ownership, with all the perpetual rights to it that an Englishmenof the time would have had, and all the same rights to cede or sell it tosomeone else (Vaughan, 1965, p. The social system of the natives was structured around their homevillage, each of which was headed by a chief or sachem, who was likely tobe a man but could also be a woman. Flintlock and tomahawk: New England and King Philip's War. King Philip's War: The history and legacy of America's forgotten conflict. 46). Butthe Indians also miscalculated -- as would many other Americans after them.The land of the New World seemed vast beyond measure or exhaustibility tothe European settlers, but it also seemed vast to the Indians, who probablyalso believed that there would always be land, and good land, available forthem and for their descendants. (1999). (1983). Most of theagricultural work was done by women, who stored the grain in woven sacks orbaskets that were then buried in earthen granaries (Trigger, 1978, pp. The natives of this area used simple tools, most of which could beused for multiple purposes, along with bows and arrows. Another way of looking at this last issue is to say that thispaper examines what made this region attractive to the Europeans who wouldsuperimpose their culture on the area. The Indians of this region trapped deer and hunted large sea mammalssuch as seals as well as killing whales who beached themselves. Native Americans of Southern New England At the time of earliest European contact with Indians in the 16th and17th century, Southern New England was a clearly distinct cultural zone.Farther north in this region, the native tribes were much less likely topractice horticulture, and so the economic basis of the southern NewEngland tribes marked off their culture as distinct from that of theirneighbors. Schultz, E. The natives often sold their land quite willingly and it should not beassumed that they were forced into doing so simply because of the terribleoutcome that European settlement eventually had for the Indians. However, in a story that we are all too familiar with, the settlersconstantly encroached on native lands, incursions that in 1675 led Philipto form a confederation of tribes that rose against the settlers in what isnow known as King Philip's War. King Philip's War: Civil war in New England. But they were not simply food collectors, depending as they alsodid on cultivating food crops. (1965). Drake, J.D. The furnishings of thesehouses were simple, with beds consisting of mats and skins laid directly onthe floor or on low platforms. We know a little of the material aspects of the culture of thisregion, but very little of the songs, the dreams, the fears and ambitionsof these first peoples. 162-3). Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 167). 19). 161-2). Leach, D.E. 164). Europeans tended to see (and todescribe for history) the leaders of the villages as being like Europeankings or queens, this was caused in all probability by their own biases.Unlike European monarchs of the 17th century, the sachems of southern NewEngland probably had little actual power to force other people, relyinginstead on charisma (Trigger, 1978, p. 164). It should be noted before an examination of the particulars of thefate of the Indians of this region that the process by which Europeans cameto take possession of land and other natural resources in America isgenerally seen as simply the application of force and superior weaponry tothe lives and property of natives, in fact the process was more complex.While the outcome for the Indians was undeniably a terrible one, they wereat least sometimes and in some aspects at least relatively willing partnersin their own displacement. One of the most sophisticated tools they had was the dugout canoe,made of pine, oak or chestnut, and capable of carrying up to 4 men(Trigger, 1978, p. Another American Civil War: King Philip's War The culture of the Indians changed immediately with Europeans contact.The European settlers began at once to introduce metal tools, to encroachon the Indians' land, to bring their ideas of morality, religion, justiceand power to the area (Leach, 1992, p. New York: Hill and Wang. 164). Boston: Parnasses Imprints. Whileboth stories have some elements of truth to them, in southern New England(but not in the West, where very different native cultures flourished) thenatives probably did have similar ideas about the nature of land ownershipas did the European settlers. To understand what happened to any group ofIndians it is necessary to look at the particulars of their culture as wellas the particularities of the culture of the settlers in that area at thatmoment of history (Leach, 1992. There could never have been a long-term peace between the settlers andthe Indians. The natives lived in villages defined by Trigger (1978) as "a socialunit utilizing the resources of a limited territory, usually part of adrainage system or a section of the coastal plain" (p. In the end the agriculturalsociety with an endlessly replenishable population, better weapons and thehistorical moment with them would win (Cronon, 1983, p. They caughtboth freshwater and marine fish along with snaring a wide variety of birds,including swan, grouse, goose, cormorants and turkeys. The Indians' long houses werebark covered, while smaller round houses built for a few families were madeof sticks covered with mats. 153. (2 ). Thenatives of the region created villages that were simple and relatively openin structure with relatively few defensive structures (Trigger, 1978, p.166). This is a brief overview of the state of native culture and the waysin which they used the resources of their region at the time of contact. (ed.) (1978). While native culture changed at the very moment of contact - just asthe culture of the settlers also changed at the moment of contact - therewere still substantial elements of native culture for a number of years, inwhich traditional Indians lived alongside the European settlers. New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians, 162 -1675. This group was also marked off - and in a perhaps even moreimportant way - by the fact that the Indians of Southern New England allspoke one of five Eastern Algonquian languages, and so were distinctly setoff from their Abenaki-speaking neighbors inland (Trigger, 1978, p. King Philip was a sachem of the Wampanoag tribe and the second son ofthe Wampanoag chief Massasoit, who for nearly 4 years had been thegreatest ally of the Pilgrim settlers of Plymouth. TheIndians cleared areas of trees and smaller plants and then used hoes andspades made of hardwood to help in the cultivation of crops. 159). In 1662, Philip (thiswas the name given to him by the English, of course) succeeded his brotherand formally renewed the treaties of his father, which he honored for someyears. The conflicts overland had a certain Malthusian predictability to them. They probably also ate a number of differentfresh vegetables depending on the season, but there is not enough evidencein the archaeological record to say what these vegetables might have been(Trigger, 1978, pp. They were relatively comfortable except forwhat to modern Americans would seem like terrible ventilation, especiallywhen rain forced people to cover smoke holes. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution. There were no structures inthe houses analogous to the chimneys in houses of European design (Trigger,1978, p. Amherst: University of Massachusetts. Because depending entirely on food collection can produce periods ofvery lean times if not outright famine, the natives of southern New Englandalso were horticulturists. The Indians burned towns and killed manysettlers; the settlers kidnapped native women and children, destroyed theIndians' crops, and lured Indians to desert with promises of rewards andimpunity. The mats could be rolled up and moved fromplace to place, leaving the uprights behind. It should benoted that village size varied throughout the region and by season. With hisdeath, further resistance to colonial settlements in southern New Englandwas essentially over any return to traditional Indian culture was a pipdream (Schultz and Tougias, 1999, p. However,King Philip's War changed all this, defeating forever the traditional waysof life. Woodstock VT: The Countryman Press. & Tougias, M. The Indians were eager to sell land andwhites were eager to buy, and everything went relatively smoothly untilthere were simply too many Europeans and thus an ever increasing desire forland that was sometimes claimed by more than one native. 16 ). The major crops of the natives of this regionwere maize, kidney beans, squash, Jerusalem artichokes and tobacco. Families and communities tendedto cluster together in the harsher conditions of winter and so winterhouses were larger than summer dwellings. Trigger, B. References Cronon, W. 41). Vaughan, A. Fields wereallowed to lie fallow if they were no longer fertile and all plant stubblewas burned before the fields were replanted, a relatively efficient meansfor replenishing the nitrogen in the soil, clearing fields of recentgrowth, and killing off insects likely to infest the crops. Indians living in southern New England used the resources of forests,lakes, rivers, wetlands, and sea to provide food and other basic rawmaterials. Southern New England was the home to a complex civilization when someof the first European settlers to the New World came to the area that issouthern and eastern Massachusetts, the eastern part of New Hampshire,Rhode Island and most of Connecticut. Boston: Little Brown. The land of New England seemed to stretch on forever, but it did notand there was after the very earliest years of colonization simply notenough good arable land for the increasing Indian and European populations.Scarcity, as always and in all places, produced friction, and finallyviolent conflict. This paper takes as its focus the culture of the Native Americans ofSouthern New England and also why it was so terribly disrupted by Europeansettlement. Finally, the paper examines how thefinal outcome of European settlement in this area was the result of thetraditional native settlement patterns and the ways in which theseinteracted with the specific goals of the Europeans. P. They fashionedarrowheads made of stone, antler, eagle claws, bone and horseshoe crabtails. Houses were usually made for more than a single family group, with thesize of the house depending on the season. And once Indians turned violent, the nature of therelationship changed, and the settlers eagerly and with a sense of justiceon their side would take land in revenge (Vaughan, 1965, p. But, like most societies before the Industrial Revolution, theydepended heavily on plants for their dietary staples, including berries,grapes, chestnuts and acorns. Europeansdid break promises that the Indians had thought that they would keep. They both wanted and needed land and there was simply notenough to go around. (1992). The land that had for generations been easily able tofood collection and horticulture as practiced by the Indians could notsupport two sets of agricultural societies. Although there were regionaldifferences throughout this area caused by differences in the environmentas well as by the inevitable differentiation of people into subcultures,this region was unified by what can be viewed into a single cultural group.That culture -- along with the lives of individual American Indians --would be in large measure destroyed during the 17th century as theirculture came into conflict with that of the Europeans. Changes in the land: Indians, colonists, and the ecology of New England. They may be viewed as in a transitionalphase (at the time of European contact) between food collection andhorticulture, having bypassed the stage of pastoralism that many culturalgroups go through at this period in their development (Drake, 2 , p. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.