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VIEWS OF WOMEN REGARDING MARRIAGE.   Term Paper ID:30318 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Discusses decline of marriage as number one priority of women today.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Discusses decline of marriage as number one priority of women today. Proposes a research study to examine reasons and issues. Significance of changing societal views of marriage; high divorce rate. Evaluation of women's views. Psychological perspective. Social perspetives. Issue of financial security. Methodology. Paper Introduction: WOMEN'S VIEWS ON MARRIAGE AS A PRIORITY I. INTRODUCTION The role of women in the United States has undergone a major transformation over the past four decades brought about by changes in their economic and social status. Women are less likely to marry than ever before, according to the findings of Rutgers University National Marriage Project (1999). Findings of the Census Bureau concur; according to the Census Bureau, Americans are postponing marriage. The decline of marriage as the number one priority of women may be due in large part to the greater amount of alternatives today's women have. Studies show that women are placing increased value on autonomy and focusing on ways to reach this goal (Berend, 2000, p. 935). Alternatively, studies have shown that this attitude may also be Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. D., & Popenoe, D. D., Kahn, L. M. Marriage. Please describe feelings of having children outside ofmarriage.16. (2 ). 9 ). Women will complete the informationquestionnaire and return it to a designated location, to be picked up bythe experimenter. Definition of Terms Women of Today. Some argue that the wealth of the nation has increased, and childrenhave benefited by this prosperity. National marriage project.Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. Pienta, A. As a social institution, marriage is viewed as thesource of nurturance and socialization of children as well as adultbehavior. 112). In this way marriage will beencouraged. Subjects willbe gathered from local women's professional organizations and localgraduate classes. Women did not tend to evaluate menby their economic status, they preferred men with clear career plans whowere headed to college for their pursuit. (2 ). Women are less likely to marry than everbefore, according to the findings of Rutgers University National MarriageProject (1999). S., & Keith, P. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 44(8), B6-B7. Describe current economic situation a) Getting ahead b) Just getting by c) Falling behind d) Other12. All in the family. Conservative feminists state that liberalfeminists ignore the reality and needs of the average woman, and liberalfeminists argue that conservatives ignore the varieties of femaleexperience. It is further concluded that acceptance of divorce is notnecessarily anti-family (Paul, 1998). (1997). Many have rejected the notion that women are the morenurturing and less egoistic, and state that the sexes are more alike thanhas been realized. I will have children on my own if I don't find the right man a) Yes b) No----------------------- 1 Ethnicity: a) Caucasian b) Black c) Hispanic d) Asian e) Other2. In response to a men's group urging men to be moreresponsible to wives and children (the Promise Keepers), leaders of the NOWgroup state that this is aimed at subordinating women in and out of thehome. Both men andwomen planned to marry and looked forward to it and women ranked marriagehigher than men on their goal list, viewing it as a source of emotionalintimacy. II. These days, more are marrying later and there is more divorce,which may have led to changed attitudes on marriage. (1997). There is agreement among the group that potentialmarriage partners must earn more than minimum wage, have stable employment,and effort to keep their jobs. 624, 639). UCLAResearch Team. The evolution of marriage in the Western societies is reported toinclude the dimensions of natural, religious, economic, social, and legal.Natural means that marriage is viewed as a natural institution for sexualexpression and reproduction, and intimacy. Cohabitation was viewed as a place to find out about the truth regarding aprospective mate and cut economic expenses in the process. Studies show that women areplacing increased value on autonomy and focusing on ways to reach this goal(Berend, 2 , p. Found online at:www.research.ucla.edu/chal/27.htm Whitehead, B. This letter is to inform you that your participation in this studywill involve selecting statements that pertain to these and demographicissues. Subjects will sign a consent form, after being informedthat their participation is voluntary and they may withdraw from the studyat any time, and that confidentiality will be maintained. For this group,marriages are failing as well; over 69% of all medical students are foundto divorce within 1 years. Several women stated that they would consider having a child on theirown, although it was maintained that a father was important, when possible. (1998). Appendix C Information QuestionnaireDIRECTIONS: Please answer all of the following questions by circling theappropriate letter or filling in the blank. R., Sotile, W. In an effort to understand thisreluctancy, a look at women's roots has ensued. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 53(4), 624-647. (2 ). In otherwords, the husband adds what the female lacks. Employment satisfaction a) Happily employed b) Unhappily employed c) Other14. Gender a) Male b) Female3. Marriage was not viewed as amethod of pooling resources, instead it was a union between two people whomust be able to take care of themselves. For this study, women of today is defined as anyfemale aged 18 years to 45 years. Summary & Significance of the Study In summary, the problem is that societal views of marriage appear tobe changing and studies show that consequences of these changes include adecline in child well-being and adult happiness. Not married - and not interested. Womentended to view most men as being bad apples, with only a few decent menremaining (National Marriage Project). M., & Sotile, M. Procedures All subjects will be recruited on a volunteer basis according toavailability. Tucker and Kernan (1997), UCLA researchers in the final stages of athree year telephone survey, also conclude that the economic environment isthe key for understanding personal relationships. Statement of the Problem & Study Purpose The literature has reported that divorce is increasing and theprioritizing of marriage is declining. Studies have tended to focus on ayoung population, ages 2 to 3 , and research regarding women at differentages is lacking. Consequences of this trend arenoted and possible reasons are reported. Thus the psychological and physical wellbeing of all family members has been found to deteriorate along with thedecline of marriage (American Values). (1998). 3. Those with a focus onrelationship tend to date with the intent toward marriage and they don'twaver in their commitment when going through rough periods. Journal of FamilyIssues, 21(5), 559-586. LITERATURE REVIEW This review of the literature concerning the topic of whether or notwomen consider marriage their first priority, will address the followingareas relevant to the study: evolution of women's views on marriage,including social perspectives, psychological perspectives, and consequencesof today's marital culture; women's current views on marriage; and a reviewof the national marriage project. Focus groupresearch was used to provide qualitative findings; subjects were 12 womenand 12 men. Employment history a) Steadily employed years _____ b) Unsteadily employed years _____ c) Unemployed d) Other13. Findings of the Census Bureau concur; according to theCensus Bureau, Americans are postponing marriage. Both men and women wanted to befinancially secure prior to marriage. M. Kelly, J. Since thelater is preferable, and it has been exemplified by many professional womenwho have remained single, it has become the view of choice. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(49), 169-198. Griffith, R. Describe current romantic situation? For this group, common complaints are thatstress levels are too high and spouses are too unavailable. Evidence of this failure as a culture can be found in theincreased poverty within families and rising social costs. The Wilson Quarterly, 21(1), 96. In fact, adherence to such ideals may have been whathas led to increased spinsterhood. Female adults will be chosen toparticipate in the study. The group studied was between the ages 2 to 3 years,ethnically and religiously mixed, incomes ranged from $1 , to $35, ,most lived with parents and worked full time and most proclaimed to becurrently in a serious relationship. _______9. (2 ). A popular magazine article reports that people are tending to cohabitand when they do, they are less inclined to prioritize marriage. Understanding these trends begins with a comprehensiveunderstanding of women's views of marriage. Instrument Information Questionnaire. Psychology and the study of maritalprocesses. Piscataway, NJ. Findings of this study were that the most immediate and pressingpriority was to become financially secure. Women's Current Views on Marriage Though the pitfalls of declined marriages have been listed, otherscontend that it would be more beneficial to become aware of what currentviews are and work with this trend rather than insisting that today's viewsare negative for children and need to be reversed (American Values). O. WOMEN'S VIEWS ON MARRIAGE AS A PRIORITY I. Thank you for participating inthis study.Background Information1. In fact the whole notion of authority such as doctorsand other specialists as experts and the women as the loser is rejected (p.96). Thank you for your participationin this project. The reality of marriage, is imperfectand transitory which is not in keeping with the ideal. The purpose of this research study will be to empirically explorecurrent views on marriage as a priority, for women ages 18 through 45. Religious refers to the beliefthat marriage is a sacramental institution that incorporates a sacredpromise and is overseen by religious communities. Marriage. It is also reported that better healthcontinues to be correlated with marriage across demographic variables.Since the views of women regarding marriage is of such possibleconsequence, and research regarding a broader age range is lacking, it isreasonable to study this variable among women ages 18 to 45. Mencken, H. Edin, K. Today this age group has been found to viewcohabitation as a good idea before getting married. Economicsecurity has been a factor in the desire to marry, in spite of the factthat this may be an illusion for many. Thus there is a debate between two groups of women, the orthodoxand the revisionist feminists. NewWoman, 27(11), 73. The question regarding the factorsinvolved in success or failure of a marriage, was perused, and newtherapies were developed. Are women of today considering marriage to be their firstpriority? The spinster has been seenas either an individual of misfortune or as a woman of autonomy. Consequences of this attitude are also reported and include the decline inwell-being for children and adults. (2 ). a) Married b) Divorced c) Separated d) Other8. It is therefore reasonable toempirically investigate and attempt to quantitatively and qualitativelydescribe the views of women ages 18 years to 45 years. M. The decline of marriageas the number one priority of women may be due in large part to the greateramount of alternatives today's women have. In spite of the benefits of marriage that are noted, the divorce rateis considered extremely high in the United States. Found onlineat: www.marriage.rutgers.edu/pubwhywe.htm Appendix A Consent Form I understand that this is a research study for school projectconcerning why women are not getting married. In a study of marriage and labor markets, data on women ages 16 to 24years (197 -199 Census) showed that for whites of all education groups,"better female labor markets, worse female marriage markets, and worse malelabor markets" led to lower marriage rates. Mencken (2 ) reports motives for marriage that have existed andcontinue to for many. Foundonline at: www.io.com/gibbonsb/mencken/defense/Marriage.html Paul, A. Economics, not love, countsmost for women. Jackson (1997) reported that in fact couples tend to fall into twocategories, relationship-driven and event-driven. Journal of Social History, 33(4), 935-963. Stressin marital interaction and change in depression: A longitudinal analysis.Journal of Family Issues, 19(5), 578-595. The affinities between feminists andevangelical women. Research Design Empirical survey research will be used to conduct this study. Found online at:www.americanvalues.org/html/r_marriage_in_america.html Berend, Z. Both genders wantedindividual autonomy and freedom to be their own person. Thus economic and social advantageswere sought in marriage. A solution is offered: strengthenthe poor man's connection to the labor force. Current marital status? Women agreed, however, that$75, was a good annual family income for a married couple (NationalMarriage Project). Detrimental effects of marital distress and divorce on all familymembers are numerous and include risk for psychopathology, increasedphysical illness and automobile accidents, psychological symptoms such asdepression and withdrawal, suicide, decreased social competence, violenceand homicide (Gottman, 1998, p. Please describe feelings about cohabitation vs marriage.15. Schafer, R. These findings point to the possibility that more than onefemale view of marriage continues to exist (p. Two hundred questionnaires will be distributed to women'sorganizations and graduate students. It is also believed by many that a woman without a child isincomplete and marriage offers a solution to this problem. Number of children? However, a current of negative feelings was also present. The research questions are as follows: 1. Edin (2 ) reports findings of a report of low-income singlemothers' view of marriage. (1997). Hanson, S. Limitations Since this study utilized a convenience sample with only volunteersubjects on an availability basis it is possible that the findings may notgeneralize to a larger population. Your participation is totally voluntary, anonymous, and confidential. PsychologyToday, 31(2), 19. Implications & Conclusions A review of the literature demonstrates that the views on marriagesare following a downhill trend. III. Women rated economics as themost important mate quality and men rated attractiveness. In addition the research isinvestigating surrounding views on the topic. Please describe feelings regarding marriage as a priority. Information gathered will be used to describethe population and relationships among the study variables. 935). What do low-income single mothers say aboutmarriage? M. L. Marriage is also viewedas an economic institution, considering consumption, exchange, andproduction elements. The marriage is still considered as a sanctuaryfor women, an opportunity of safety, and this is proclaimed to loom overthe so called independent female's goal. Please sign the enclosed consent form. The culture is seen as one of divorce and unwedparenthood, and this change is reported to be a failure which has resultedin hardships for children, increased social costs, and a loss of adulthappiness. 578). Most agreed that cohabitating couples shouldhave separate bank accounts. (2 ). Behavioral Health Treatment, 2(1 ), 4. Current living situation? Anunderstanding of whether or not women consider marriage to be their firstpriority, as well as the surrounding issues, will demonstrate women'schoices and societal trends. Inthis case the subjects are asked direct questions, in their naturalenvironment, regarding their feelings, attitudes, beliefs, or behaviorsrelated to the study topic. Gearey (1997) further points out the evolution of women's efforts toovercome patriarchal oppression, and actively shape their own lives andsocial roles. Balancing act: Motherhood, marriage, andemployment among American women. A. M. (1998). The eventgroup begin with low levels of commitment, view their future as uncertain,and tend to become less satisfied as marriage continues (p. (2 ). In defense of women, III. R. However, the well being ofchildren has not only failed to improve, it has gotten worse. This knowledge can then be used to furtherinvestigate consequences of today's marital choices and appropriate futuresolutions. Care hasincreased since children have up to three adults to meet there needs nowthat mothers have entered the labor force. 936-941). In a study at UCLA, of 1,7 men and women, mate selection wasstudied and findings confirmed stereotypes. JAMA, 278(11), 9 . Marriage in America: A report to thenation. Occupation title:6. METHODOLOGY Subjects Subjects will be 2 females, ages 18 years to 45 years, whovoluntarily present themselves to participate in this study. For this study marriage is defined as traditionalmale/female legal marriage. Women and the common life: Love, marriage, andfeminism. M., & Waldfogel, J. M., Hayward, M. Marriage has dropped on the priority list,in favor of financial security, for young women ages 2 to 3 . In spite of declining attitudes toward marriage, a current study ofthe health benefits of marriage on a sample of 9,333 White, Africanamerican, and Latino persons ages 51 to 61 years, revealed that across alldemographic groups, marriage benefits health, including functioningproblems, and nonfatal and fatal chronic disease conditions (Pienta,Hayward, & Jenkins, 2 ). Marriage should last a lifetime a) Yes b) No19. I have read and understood all the information above and I volunteerto participate in this study.Please check:____ I agree to participate in this study.Signed: _______________________ _____________ Date Appendix B Cover LetterDear Volunteer: As part of my work for a school project, I am currently conducting aresearch project aimed at investigating whether or not women of today aremaking marriage their first priority. The National Marriage Project The National Marriage Project (1998) explored attitudes aboutmarriage and cohabitation for a young adult population. Estimates for 1989 were5 % to 67%, and failure rates for second marriages were an additional 1 %higher. Education: a) less than high school b) completed high school c) some college d) college graduate e) attending college college level _____5. Preschool children are fewer in numbersince Americans are having fewer children, and many children have moremoney available since people are having children later in life. References American Values. Data Analysis Descriptive statistics, including relative frequency distribution, ameasure of central tendency (mean), and a measure of variability (standarddeviation), will be used to empirically and quantitatively describe thedata and answer the research question. To conduct this study, Iwill need the participation of 2 women, who will be asked to complete theenclosed information questionnaire. Stressful marital interactions leading to depression are reportedreasons for negative views of marriage. Understandingyoung women's marriage decisions: The role of labor and marriage marketconditions. Inearlier studies (in 1974) attitudes of this age group included that casualpremarital sex was wrong, men needed to be good providers, and havingchildren is valued. 73). Rather than a continualclaim that attitudes must be changed, a more logical solution would firstinclude a comprehensive understanding of what women's views are. Please number according to priority and list reasons Marriage Children Education Career Financial security Other18. Jackson, D. a) Live alone b) Live with parents or relatives c) Live with boyfriend/girlfriend d) Live with roommates e) Other1 . Both men and women wanted to getahead with respect to education and work. Study Rationale & Research Questions Though previous literature has made many attempts to determinecurrent views on marriage, quantitative analysis demonstrating views ofwomen of different ages is lacking. Marriage is also a legal institution that is regulated andprotected by law, with rights and duties (American Values, 2 ).Psychological Perspective Psychology has lagged behind sociology, by around 35 years, in thestudy of marriage. The study groupincluded African-American, Mexican-American, and White participants.Further, responders self-rated as attractive valued economic mate potentialenormously (Manisses Communications Group, 1997). (1998). Author. The national marriage rate hasdropped 43% from 196 to 1996, resulting in its lowest point in history.For this age group, over 7 % do not have four-year college degrees. CA: UCLA. They also seek enhanced respectabilitythrough marriage and fear limits in control over household decisions.Further, they mistrust men and fear domestic violence (p. Women were particularlyinterested in furthering their education (National Marriage Project). The study of couples andfamilies has been more difficult; observation studies in the 196 s failed.Attempts were made to view families as the source of mental disorders, andmarital interactions were studied. Attempts to feel useful and come into one's own are beingincreasingly perused through vocation (pp. The author also reportsthat the concern for poverty among single mothers and children may or maynot be due to negative attitudes toward marriage, since these people werelikely to be poor in the first place. INTRODUCTION The role of women in the United States has undergone a majortransformation over the past four decades brought about by changes in theireconomic and social status. I understand that my participation will involve answering questionsregarding myself, concerning reasons women are not getting married, andquestions regarding demographic information. Yearly income a) less than $5, b) $5, to $9, c) $1 , to $19, d) $2 , to $29, e) $3 , to $39, f) $4 , to $49, g) $5 , +Marriage Survey Information7. Marriage remains theidealized possibility that offers the promise of complete relief. The author begins by stating that this grouphas been underrepresented, and their plight and motivations for non-marriage may differ from others. Findings from a survey of 292 mothers,reveal that this group leans toward nonmarriage (marriage rates havedropped for the poor). New York: McGraw-Hill. Tucker, M. Journal of Marriage and the Family,59(4), 1 34-1 35. D., & Jenkins, K. 2. Blau, F. Another benefit is that awoman who has obtained a successful husband has achieved respect forherself. Gottman, J. (1997).Medical marriages: Promises and problems. (1999) Public and private families: An introduction,second edition. Women wanted to beable to take care of themselves financially, and shared the belief that menresented dependent women. H., Kelly, S. This author pointsout that in fact, the nineteenth century has brought with it the elevationand spiritualization of both love and marriage and this has served to setmarriage on an even higher pedestal. It was also found that overalllabor conditions, including high male unemployment rates and low averagewage rates led to reduced marriage rates, which was particularly prevalentfor blacks (pp. Black women tend to participate more in thelabor force and have lower marriage rates, relative to White women (Hanson,1997). (1987). "The best or none!" Spinsterhood in nineteenth-century New England. Thisgeneration of American teenagers is rated as less healthy, less cared for,and less prepared for life than any other generation (American Values). Current age: ______4. Personal independence was also highly valued. Thuscorrelates of unhappy marriages are concluded to be negative affectreciprocity, demand-withdraw patterns, negative rather than positivebehaviors, and negativity in the form of criticism, contempt,defensiveness, and stonewalling (Gottman, 1998, pp. What are the issues surrounding this topic? Aside frompersonal beliefs, evidence of deteriorated child well being can be found inincreased rates of: delinquency and crime, substance abuse, depression,suicide, and children in poverty. 935). Thus marriageis viewed as a situation where the problems outweigh the promises (p. Gearey, R. J. Low incomesingle females are another group who tend to value marriage less thanfinancial security. A longitudinal study of 336couples, showed that types of stress found in the marital situation includeinequity in social relationships and frustrations with role expectations.The resulting chronic stress leads to diminished self-competence, loweredself-esteem and depression (Keith, 1998, p. As women'sviews have evolved, the married woman has taken on the role of one lackingsufficient autonomy and as the quest for female autonomy increases, manyhave shunned marriage and family both (Berend, 2 , p. Marriage was viewed as a lessor prioritycompared to having a nest and a nestegg. L. 169). Alternatively, Berend reports that this view of the spinster is takenout of context, and in fact the young middle-class women continues toponder issues of love and marriage and still looks to them through anidealistic stance. Social Problems, 47(1), 112-145. Personality measures of both parties in a marriage wereused to attempt to increase marital satisfaction. (1997). Trends forfulfillment of emotional support and socialization of children are becomingat least partially filled outside of the family since the 196 s, which mayhave supported negative attitudes toward marriage. Marital satisfaction correlates were sought, andit was found that distressed couples included dominant husbands. Alternatively, studies have shown that thisattitude may also be responsible for a decline in child and adult well-being. Additional limitations of this studymay be volunteer bias, subject group size, and geographic location. What are the reasons for this choice? Kelly, Kelly, Sotile, and Sotile (1997) report the study of a groupon the opposite end of the spectrum, the medical marriage. Griffith (1997) reports on a movement by the National Organizationfor Women (NOW). Two different paths toward marriage. Marriage offers the primarybenefit of enslaving an expert to increase survival prospects. B., Wickrama, K. Although women are reluctant to marry, it is arguedthat they will never be able to demonstrate the masculine ability that aman has, and are therefore still drawn to men. Considering the important ramifications of the possibledecline of the marriage institution, a study investigating whether this isa prominent view for a broader age range of women, is needed. B., & Kernan, C. However,it was also found the agreement regarding the definition and measure ofdominance was lacking and marriages where the husband tended to withdrawrather than remain dominant, were also dysfunctional and unhappy. 169-186).Consequences of Today's Marital Culture In a report to the nation regarding marriage in America, marriage isviewed as displaced. Cherlin, A. The Information Questionnaire,constructed by the investigator, consists of demographic questions as wellas a systematic inquiry to distinguish women's views on marriage,specifically whether or not they would list it as their first priority.Additionally, questions will include the following: marital status,cohabitation status, relationship status, economic status, children versusmarriage, whether marriage is a priority, and reasons to marry or not.Reliability and validity will not be established for this survey instrumentsince it is designed to be descriptive in nature. The current NOW model of marriage includes a full and equalpartnership, lacking all submission of females to male authority. Manisses Communications Group. It isalso stated that this group is less enthusiastic about having manychildren. The younger generation appears to report a diminishedperspective regarding the ability of men to provide adequately as a spouse. The Evolution of Women's Views on MarriageSociological Perspective The nineteenth century consisted of the idealization of marriage andthe reluctance to enter into it for many. A qualitative description offindings will provide further insight. I understand that this procedure will take approximately one hour,and that my participation is totally voluntary, anonymous, andconfidential, that I may withdraw my participation at any time, and thatthe information that I provide will only be used for the purpose ofresearch. A popular author, Cherlin (1999) states that there is the greatestrise in cohabitation since the 197 s and the leading group is the lesseducated, thus marriage has declined but living with a heterosexual partnerhas not. In addition to these beliefs,although marriage and motherhood remained a goal of womanhood, it was notthe only one. a) Getting married in the coming year b) In a serious relationship c) Not involved in a relationship but seeking one d) Not involved and not seeking one e) In a relationship but not serious f) Other11. B6-7). Otherwomen argue against this reaction and support the Promise Keeper'smovement. a) Marriage is my first priority, because ______ b) Marriage is not my first priority My first priority is _______, because _______17. Healthconsequences of marriage for the retirement years. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.