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EFFECTS OF FAMILY ON CHILDREN'S ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT.   Term Paper ID:30390 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines how the family role and structure impact academic achievement in children.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Examines how the family role and structure impact academic achievement in children. Uses structural family theory and parental attachment theory as theoretical background in a discussion of the effects of different family structures. Historical perspective. Early and contemporary research studies. Crucial importance of family involvement and parental support. Paper Introduction: EFFECT OF FAMILY ROLE AND STRUCTURE ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN CHILDREN Theoretical Background Structural family theory and parental attachment theory will be used as a theoretical background to assist with the investigation into the effects of family role and structure on academic achievement in children. Kenny and Donaldson (1991) report on the theory of structural family theory, developed by Minuchin in 1974. According to this theory, a healthy family yields feelings of belongingness and differentiation to its members. With this in mind, a family that is either excessively enmeshed or disengaged tends to provide the opposite to its members. Interpersonal boundaries in the healthy famil Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. (1994). (199 ). Moore T. M. (1991). Marriage and FamilyReview, 3 , 72-97. S, & Watts, K. (1992). New York: Wiley. AmericanSociology Review, 6 , 746, 761. When the child is securelyattached to the parent, they are able to explore and master theirenvironment. A. The impact of family economic status and parentalcommitment on children: An economic approach to children's outcomes.Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and SocialSciences, 6 , 41 5. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage,17, 97- 114. Jolly (2 ) added to this knowledge base with findings that parental support was a significant correlate of academic achievement in children in non-traditional family households. K, & Osterbacka E. Downeey, D. Effects of humancapital and social capital on dropping out of high school in the south.Journal of Research on Rural Education, 8, 75-88. L., Roberts, L. L., & Yuanzhang. Science,192, 227-235. D., & Owings, M. (2 ). The history of this research has focused on the premise that thedeficit family model, resulting from a variation in the nuclear family,will produce deviations in the child's personality, behavior, and schoolachievement. (1997). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Youngmin S. Summary of Literature ReviewHistorical The history of research regarding the effects of family structure onacademic achievement in children began with the study of father absence andits effects. (1998). Findings areconsistent however with regard to effects of parental involvement, whichmay outweigh or affect changes in family structure. Inanother study by McLanahan (1999), lower achievement of children in singleparent families was associated with disruption in the family resulting infewer resources, less time and energy, and less access to communityresources. Entwisle D. When the boundaries are broken down, the child may takeon inappropriate roles such as that of caretaker or confidante. Effective educationalenvironments. J. Marital disruption, parentalinvestment, and children's academic achievement: A prospective analysis.Journal of Family Issues, 22, 26-62. Journal of Education Research, 89, 3 5-314. EFFECT OF FAMILY ROLE AND STRUCTURE ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN CHILDREN Theoretical Background Structural family theory and parental attachment theory will be usedas a theoretical background to assist with the investigation into theeffects of family role and structure on academic achievement in children.Kenny and Donaldson (1991) report on the theory of structural familytheory, developed by Minuchin in 1974. M. Family structure and schoolperformance in eighth grade. The family-school relation andthe child's school performance. (2 1). Zick, Bryant, and Osterbacka (2 1) investigated married mother's work patterns, parent-child activities, and academic achievement. D, Bryant, W. Pong, S. E., & Donaldson, G. Academic achievement: A review ofdeterminants. Kerig, P. The effects of several of the most common familystructures on academic achievement of eight graders. J, & Raftery, A. A guide to using NELS: 88.Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. What beats having two parents? Two parent, step-parent and single parent familychanges in achievement, attitude and behaviors during the last two years ofhigh school. More recent studies continue the focus on family structure. Parental involvementis found to be essential for the success of children and this factor mayvary in different family structures. (1999). Kerig (1995) reported further on disruption and resulting stress in achild's life. E, (1999). (1976). Family structure and adolescent self efficacy.Dissertaion Abstracts International. H, Beaulieu, L. In contrast to this belief, the research has evolved toinclude the understanding that families of all structures have uniquestrengths and weaknesses that have a greater effect on outcomes than thefamily roles and structures (Marsh, 199 ). Sandefur G. Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 951-962. When bigger is not better; family size,parental resources and children's educational performance. Both theories help explain how family structure would affectacademic achievement. W. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 693-7 7. J. Israel G. Newbury Park, CA: Corwin. The school compositional effect of single parenthoodin 1 th grade achievement. Family size and quality of children. Research comparing children fromtwo-parent nuclear families and children from stepfamilies have shownlittle differences regarding school grades and achievement, and IQ scores(Kurdek & Sinclair, 1988). Section A: Humanities and SocialSciences, 6 , 3344. (2 1). Kenny and Donaldson point out that attachment theory,discussed by Bowlby in 1969 and Ainsworth in 1978, views attachment as anenduring bond that gives the child a base of support which in turn allowsfor intellectual and social competence. (1997). D. J., & Israel, G. (1997). Strengthening social capital:The challenge for rural community sustainability. The relationship among parental marital status,self-esteem, and academic performance in commuter college students.Dissertation Abstracts International; Section B: The Sciences andengineering, 58, 416. B. Research: Correlates of adjustmentin children at risk. B. Geffner, & E. Historical Perspective of the Problem The norm for family structure in the 195 s was the nuclear family.Since that time there have been dramatic increases in the divorce rates inthe United States as well as an increase in the number of family forms.The age of couples staying together for the sake of the children, ended.In addition, family structures began to include cohabitation ofheterosexual couples and gay or lesbian couples, single-parent families,blended and binuclear households, and households with extended family.These changes have taken place to the degree that the legal definition offamily has changed from that of a traditional focus on biological, legal,and spatial factors, to a focus on the importance of long-standingaffective ties taking the place of biological or legal ties (Newman,Roberts, & Syre, 1993). Spending time with the kids:Effects of family. Effects of remarriage following divorce onacademic achievement in children. Jeynes, W. D. Audirac (Ed.),Rural Scholastic development in America. J. (1998). (2 1). Moore and Pepler (1998) studied the household environment and academic performance and found that the children who live in stressful or conflict prone home environments tend to experience academic problems. N. Mohan J., & Gulati A. Stochard J., & Mayberry, M. (1988). Kurdek, L. H. Caldas, S. (1999) Does family structure really influenceeducational attainment? Mohan andGulati (1986) studied variables that contribute to academic achievement andconcluded that family and home environment, socioeconomic status, andparental interests and attitudes are the key determinants. K., (1995). US Department of Education, National Center for EducationalStatistics. America's youth in crisis: Challenges andoptions for programs and policies. Watts D. Understandingthe Interweave of Social Class and Ethnicity in the Family Context, 3 , 539-555. Beaulieu, L. American Journal of Sociology, 1 5, 321-365. Thus the attachment model stressesthe importance of the parent-child relationship, and the structural familymodel allows for an understanding of the ways in which this relationship ismaintained or has become maladaptive (divorce, reduced number of parents,poverty). Scott, D, R., & Pollack, J. (1993). D. Rural Sociology, 66, 43-269. Finn , J. L., & Baker, D. A 1986 study of single-mother familiesdid however find that children from this group showed less academicachievement than those from two-parent families and single-mother familieswith no recent disruption. Battle, J. Stevenson and Baker (1987) studied parental involvement and its effect on child academic achievement and found that a single parent tends to be less involved in student's activities, than those from two- parent families. For example studies through the late 8 s and early 9 sdemonstrated that marital discord or negative parenting effected a child'sdevelopment. Indian Psychology Review, 3 , 1-14. Itwas also found however, that the effects tend to diminish in size whencontrolling for socioeconomic factors. (1996). The study of the effects of these changes in family structures haveinclude early research on father-absent effects and more recent, inclusiveresearch that regards divorced, stepparent, and two-parent nuclearfamilies. (1993). L, Blair, M. Holden, R. L, & Madamba, A. The connection between parent and child is recognized asimportant in the growth of the child. In a 1984 study of remarriage effects on children,conclusions were that there was no evidence of related problems such asdeclines in academic achievement. Newman, J. Diversity in familystructures. Maritalconflict can also lead to anxiety and maladaptive behaviors in childrenaccording to this theory. J. SocialScience Research, 3 , 25-4 . Journal of Research and Development inEducation, 27, 176-187 Giuliani, A. In I. Smith, M. Blair S. Crane J, (1991). For example, in a 1973 review, the effects of father absenceon juvenile delinquency, adjustment, and academic achievement were studied.Conclusions were that father absence in itself would not be a significantcontributor to declines in academic achievement if other relevant variablessuch as SES and type of fatherlessness, were controlled for (Marsh, 199 ). Thus when the family structure and roles areinappropriate they lead to psychological distress in the child. This research has produced findings that the children fromdivorced families when compared to those from two-parent nuclear familiestend to experience short- and long-term academic performance deficits. Structural familytheory, describing the different ways that a child can become triangulatedwithin a family, providing loyalty an support to a parent, began to be usedto assist with understanding of stress mechanisms. (2 1). Family structures, educationalattainment and socioeconomic success: Rethinking the pathology ofmatriarchy. Biblarz, T. Ann Arbor, Michigan;Inter-University Consortium for political and Social Research. (1995). While the mechanisms involved the resulting stress remainedunknown, factors studied included intensity, frequency, and degree ofparental discord such as quarreling, as well as severity, lack ofresolution, and the content related to the child. C., & Fondellmim. J. (1992). (1987). J., & Israel, D. Journal of Educational Psychology, 8 (1), 9 -94. National educational Longitudinal study, 1988, 199 ,1992. Family Diversity, 316-337. Learner R. (1998). In a 1984 review, itwas reported that families with a single parent produced children thatperformed more poorly on academic indicators and these findings wereconfounded by SES. Journal of EducationalResearch, 93, 91. The attachment theory also adds insight into the effects of differentfamily structures. Zick, C. Jeynes W. Next came studies on single-parent families. References Battle, J. Journal ofFamily Psychology, 9(1), 28-43. (1999). Sociology of Education, 71, 23-42. Effects of the home environment, SES, maternal testscores on mathematics achievement. E., & Pepler D. (2 1). H. Zajonc R. Kim S. Multilevel examination of students, school anddistrict level effects on academic achievement. In conclusion, the debate over which family structure has the greatestimpact on children's academic achievement continues. Demography, 18,421-442. N. Child Development, 58, 1348-1357. The impact of female headed singleparent families on academic achievement. With this in mind, a family that is either excessively enmeshed ordisengaged tends to provide the opposite to its members. B. (2 ). Jolly, S. According to this theory, a healthyfamily yields feelings of belongingness and differentiation to its members. This suggested a lack of long-term effects andan explanation of disruption being the factor responsible for effectsrather than the changed family structure (Marsh, 199 ). (1995). (1999). Journal of BlackStudies, 28, 783-8 2. W. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center, 1993. Concepts offamily among children and adolescents effect of cognitive level, gender,and family structure. Family configuration and intelligence. Jouriles (Eds.),Children exposed to marital violence: theory, research and applied issues.Washington DC: American Psychological Association. Y. In G. D. L. According to thistheory, the child who has become the identified patient became so tomaintain homeostasis in the family system.Contemporary While the earlier studies were devoted to effects of family structureon academic achievement of children, the debate regarding which type offamily structure has the greatest impact on the child remained unanswered(Acock & Demo, 1994; Lerner, 1995; Stockard & Mayberry, 1992). R. Clark(1997) studied family structure to include female single-parent with lowand high economic status (SES), and two-parent with low and high SES.Results showed that students in two parent family structures have higheracademic achievement levels than their peers in single parent families. (1994). Findings showed that in the employed-mother household, both parents engaged in reading/homework activities with their child more frequently, than the parents in non-employed-mother households. The influence of family and community socialcapital in educational achievement. Racial/ethnicdifferences in high school student's academic performance. (1986). Relation of eighth graders'family structure, gender, and family environment with academic performanceand school behavior. Interpersonalboundaries in the healthy family are not too rigid or diffuse, andtherefore the children in this family are able to move toward separationand independence. A., & Sinclair, R. R., & Syre, C. Mothers employment,parental involvement and implications for immediate child outcomes. Blake J, (1981). Marsh, H. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28, 385-391. Kim (2 ) studied additional factors affecting children's academic performance using data from the National Survey of Family and Households (NSFH), and found that family structure, parenting, race and school experience were significant in child development. Kenny, M. US: Academic Press Inc. Triangles in the family circle: Effects offamily structure on marriage, parenting, and child adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(4),479-486. Cooksey E. Steveson, D. (1991). Thus family structure and parent-child attachment factors must be understood. Data from the National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS),further suggests that both process and structural attributes of familysocial capital to include norms, social networks, and relationships betweenadults and children, are key factors affecting a student's academicachievement (Israel, 2 1). Contributions of parentalattachment and family structure to the social and psychological functioningof first-year college students. Academic achievement among Hispanic students.Hispanic Journal of Behavior Sciences, 19, 156. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 327-34 . R, & Alexander K. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.