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DATE RAPE.   Term Paper ID:30500 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines the phenomenon of date rape on college campuses.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Examines the phenomenon of date rape on college campuses. Reactions and responses to date rape. Effect on clinical practice. How and why date rape happens. Feminist theories. Gender roles. Availability of rape targets. Goals of counseling programs, including sex education and awareness programs, challenging sexual attitudes, behavior and communication styles. Paper Introduction: Introduction Historically, the word “rape” has transfigured from meaning to act in haste, to meaning to seizing someone else’s property violently, to meaning sexual intercourse occurring without the consent of one of the people involved, primarily using force or deception (Oxford English Dictionary, 1989). This most current meaning creates a picture of a stranger lurking in the bushes on a dark night, breaking into a house, or kidnapping a victim in a car to take them someplace else to rape, and possibly kill. While these types of attacks are very real, they are only a part of the entire picture of rape. According to one study by the National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape, 92 percent of adolescent rape victims were acquainted with their attackers. Other studies estimate that at least 50 to 75 percent Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Vol. Consequently, he has set up a programthat deals with sexual harassment, which is the beginning of sexualassault, which focuses on children and adolescents from kindergarten to12th grade. In other words, "the female's resistance to asexual encounter is not viewed by the male as genuine protest" (Milburn, etal., 2 , p. D., M.D. July,pp. (199 ). 3,pp. "The effects ofviewing R-rated movie scenes that objectify women on perceptions of daterape." Sex Roles. 11.,p. 22-27. Typically thesedrugs take affect within 2 minutes and are administered in parties andclubs where the drugs can be hidden in fruity alcoholic drinks, whichfurther precipitates the affects. D. (2 ). For example, as Young (1999) asserts, the recentpush to make rape a hate crime against women is a dangerous political move. Several educational and preventive models havebeen developed to help meet this demand. (2 1)."Male Peer Support and a Feminist Routine Activities Theory: UnderstandingSexual Assault on the College Campus." Justice Quarterly. Miller's list of goals includes:1) making the student aware of the possibility of date rape, 2) educationon the role that alcohol and drugs play in date rape, 3) Each person isresponsible for his or her own health and sexual welfare and they need tocommunicate assertively and clearly in the area of sexual relationships,and 4) let students know there is support available and where they can gofor help (Morrissey, 1996). Another concern about the recent enthusiasm to prosecute anyone forrape is the vagueness of some of the definitions. (1989). First, it immediately discounts any date rapes or abuse that may happenbetween homosexual or lesbian couples. This paper will explore thedate rape phenomenon as it pertains to college campuses as well as thevarious responses and how this may affect clinical practice.How and Why Date Rape Happens In 1979, Cohen and Felson put forth the Routine Activities Theorywhich discusses how the amount and the location of any crime are affected,if not caused, by three factors: 1) the presence of potential offenders whoare motivated to commit the crime, 2) the absence of effective guardians orsecurity, and 3) the availability of potential targets (Schwartz,DeKeseredy, Tait, & Alvi, 2 1). . 18, no. Young, C. Be aware that peer pressure in group situations can cause you to do things that you would not otherwise do. December. Vol. Morrisey, M. Gutmann asserts that this definition goes too farand takes the responsibility off the injured party of any influence she orhe may have had, making them eternal victims. (2 ). 4. Available online at:http://www.911rape.org/acquaintance/index.html Schwartz, M. BothMilburn, et al. (2 1) contend that this "rapesupportive" climate: allow[s] the majority of sexually aggressive men to claim that they are not rapists, or that their actions do not constitute rape. "No" means "No". Walling, A. 623-649. These reactionssweep from organizing educational sources and counseling groups forstudents and victims, to new resources being developed for counselors onhow to counsel in this area, to a knee-jerk back lash movement that pointsout that "bad sex" does not always mean rape. The other factor in the Routine Activities Theory, that ofavailability of targets, lies in the fact that so many women on collegecampuses not only are subverted by the subtle "rape supportive" culture andbelieve that they "deserved" whatever they got, but they also consume largequantities of alcohol and drugs. Add to this the drug and alcohol use commonly found oncampuses and it is clear that these are areas ripe for such crimes as daterape to occur. Russell Sabella, professor of educational and counseling psychology atthe University of Louisville, agrees that the best prevention is ineducation and awareness in changing attitudes, however, he believes that itshould begin at a much younger age. The symptoms include disinhibition,passivity, muscle relaxation, and lasting retrograde amnesia. (2 1) point to the fact thatin our society, silently understood gender roles play an important part innot only objectifying women, but also in invalidating their words andjudging their actions. References Gutmann, S. 1 . D., DeKeseredy, W. Further, these messages convince many criminal justice officials, college officials, bystanders, and even victims that rape should be perceived as a dichotomy. The victim needs to understand that his or her issue is valid andthat they may be empowered to clearly communicate their needs to theirpartners in the future. Those women who do experience date or acquaintance rape are usuallybetween the ages of 15 and 25, with occurrences having been mentioned bygirls as young as eight years old and reports reaching exceedingly highnumbers on college campuses and growing every year (Morrissey, 1996). "Acquaintance Rape." Santa Monica -UCLA Medical Center. Date rape is a crime, if you don't understand if your partner is willing, then ask for clarification. Feminist theories go further in explaining the high incidence of rapeon campuses by discussing the motivation of the offenders and the societal"scripts" of the victims. . On the one hand, there is no womaninvolved -- on the other -- both are women. Introduction Historically, the word "rape" has transfigured from meaning to act inhaste, to meaning to seizing someone else's property violently, to meaningsexual intercourse occurring without the consent of one of the peopleinvolved, primarily using force or deception (Oxford English Dictionary,1989). (2 1). 43, no. Another reason that the incidence of date rape is so high on collegecampuses is the "rape-supportive culture" in our current society. Be aware of gender or sex-role stereotypes that might cause you to misinterpret your partner's behavior. 645-664. 39,no. 252 . Schwartz, et al. The perpetrator, on the other hand, needsassistance in working through guilt and confusion and also needs to beeducated to become more sensitive to the requests of his or her partner. January. . They also offer men-only workshops, rape hotlines and counselingcenters, and peer education classes (Hardy, 1997). That being said, there is still the very real problem of date rape oncollege campuses and organizations all over have mobilized to bringeducation and awareness of date rape to those campuses. "Gender War Crimes." Reason. Oxford, England:Oxford University Press. 2. College campuses in particular fit thisdescription of a location that is ripe for any crime, but is especiallyconducive to date rape since there any number of potential offenders,available victims, as well as a lack of supervision. 22) - ahusband or boyfriend who "whined until his girlfriend [or wife] agreed tohave sex with him would be guilty of rape" (Gutmann, 199 , p. 7. Althoughher model addresses rape, it also covers the areas of physical assault andintimidation as well as verbal and emotional abuse (1996). "any sexualintercourse without mutual desire" (Parrot quoted in Gutmann, p. Rape Treatment Center. "Attacking Campus Date Rape with New Codes ofConduct." The Christian Science Monitor. According to one study by the National Center forthe Prevention and Control of Rape, 92 percent of adolescent rape victimswere acquainted with their attackers. Don't make assumptions about your partner's behavior. The University ofFlorida uses skits and audience interaction as part of its rape preventionprogram in an attempt to help build awareness as to what the victim isgoing through. 6. Mary Kay Natividad, a professor of counseling at the University ofHouston-Victoria in Victoria, Texas, developed a model in response to therequests that she was getting from professional school counselors who wereunprepared to help the flood of students involved in date abuse. (2 ) and Schwartz, et al. 8. Be careful in any situation involving the use of drugs or alcohol as these can impair judgment and the ability to communicate. Attend large parties with a group of trustworthy friends and agree to look out for each other (Rape Treatment Center, 2 1).Education, however, is the most important tool in any rape preventionprogram with counseling following close behind.Clinical Practice According to Beverly Miller, a counselor educator at North CarolinaState University, these programs "must begin with adequate sex educationand awareness programs, and then begin to challenge sexual attitudes,ethics, and behavior, and communication styles" (Miller quoted inMorrissey, 1996, n.p.). (1997). Having sex with someone who is physically or mentally incapable of giving consent is rape. One theory, for example, discusses the influencethat all male peer groups have on the members to commit sexual offenses.These groups are legitimate campus organizations where the relationshipsbetween the men tend to be patriarchal and "homosocial" and objectify women(Schwartz, et al., 2 1). June. The sexual negotiations inany relationship are not always clear and sometimes bad sex is simply badsex. In general, what these programs try to put across is that if a victimhas been raped, then they have every right to seek help and counseling.Furthermore, students, in order to be empowered to make their own decisionsas to their sexual welfare, should keep in mind the follow list from theRape Treatment in Santa Monica: 1. Hardy, A. In these all-male organizations, men may gettogether to watch pornography films, for example and studies show that themore men are exposed to pornography, the more sexually aggressive they tendto be (Milburn, Mather, & Conrad, 2 ). 9/1 , pp. 9. He hopes that this will help develop sensitivity and empathyin so help lower the rate of rape and abuse (Morrissey, 1996).Conclusion Date or acquaintance rape is a very real concern on college campusesall across the United States. Campuses are particularly suited to theroutine activities theory in that they are places where there are anabundance of potential perpetrators, available targets, and a lack ofsupervision. Onetraining manual on a college campus states that "acquaintance rape. What makes this situation even worse is the fact that some maleperpetrators purposefully try to get their female acquaintances drunk inorder to victimize them sexually (Schwartz, et al., 2 1). The clinician, whether they be in a crisis center, on aschool campus, or have a private practice, needs to be aware of all of thedifferent nuances involved in counseling those who have been involved inacquaintance rape, whether that individual is the perpetrator or thevictim. Add to this the competitivenessbetween men when dating women, alcohol and drug consumption thatdisinhibits behavior, and the discussions between men working on tacticsand techniques for "working a yes out" of women in order to have sex withthem and the stage is set for the potential offenders to be motivated tocommit a rape (Schwartz, et al., 2 1). Other studies estimate that at least5 to 75 percent of all rapes are committed by someone that the victimknew. "Helping patients recognize and avoid'date rape' drugs." American Family Physician. 3. In these skits therewere six characters that each had a monologue from their perspective:victim, perpetrator, supportive friend of victim, nonsupportive friend ofvictim, supportive friend of the perpetrator, and mother of the victim(1996). ..spans a spectrum of incidents and behaviors ranging from crimes legallydefined as rape to verbal harassment and inappropriate innuendo" (quoted inGutmann, 199 , p. "Get involved." If you see someone who may be in trouble, take the time to intervene or call for help. 62, no. Don't rely on "ESP" to get your message across. One skit put robbery victims on the stand and they areasked the same types of questions as if they had been raped (Morrissey,1996). (1996). 22). Vol. p.). Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition. "It sounds like I raped you!" Reason. Stop as soon as you hear "no". .an event that does not qualify as violent stranger rape may not be perceived as a crime at all (p. Another school, Northwest College in Powell, Wyoming, had a sexualassault prevention team that put on skits as well. Thisapparent epidemic of rape in the school system in general and on collegecampuses in particular has created a range of reactions. For example, someuniversities, such as the University of Oregon in Eugene, Northeastern inBoston, and Brown University are instituting new codes of conduct thatrequire students to get explicit consent from their partner before havingsex. November, Vol. 645). This further impairs their judgment sothat they are unable to perceive that they are in a difficult situationuntil it is too late. "When No Means No." Counseling Today. As Gutmann (199 )discusses, according to some current definitions of rape - i.e. Know your own intentions and limits and be clear about stating them to your partner in a clear and firm tone. This most current meaning creates a picture of a stranger lurkingin the bushes on a dark night, breaking into a house, or kidnapping avictim in a car to take them someplace else to rape, and possibly kill.While these types of attacks are very real, they are only a part of theentire picture of rape. 22). Afterwardsthere is usually a dissociation of mind and body as well as a markedweakness, and vital signs tend to drop six to eight hours after ingestion.Victims should seek medical attention and be tested for these drugs within24 hours after assault (Walling, 2 ).Reactions and Responses Reactions and responses to this sharp increase in date oracquaintance rape ranges from the knee-jerk backlash of who think thesestatistics are exaggerated, to those set up educational programs or clinicprograms, to those who may change how they approach their clinical practicebased on this information. Moreover, thereis an increase in the appearance of "date rape drugs" on campuses.According to Walling (2 ), more than 2 drugs have been implicated, twoof the most common outside of alcohol and marijuana use beinggammahydroxybutyrate (GHB) and flunitrazepam (Rohypnol). 5. 4. Schwartz, et al.(2 1), advise that women who aremore likely to be targeted for sexual assault are those who go out drinkingmore often and who have male friends known for their sexually aggressivebehavior. S., Tait, D., & Alvi, S. It may not be pretty, but it certainly is not rape and reporting itas such trivializes real rape crimes (Gutmann, 199 ). Milburn, M., Mather, R., & Conrad, S. (1999). 626). Second, "forensic psychologydoes not support the view that rapists are driven primarily by hatredtoward women (Young, 1999, n. Foremost, it should be noted that the backlashreaction is a valid one. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.