A 

Abortion
Accounting
Advertising
Africa
African-American Studies
Aging
Agriculture
American Indian Studies
Anthropology
Archaeology
Architecture
Argumentative
Art: Artists (Alphabetized)
Art: General
Become an Affiliate and Earn $$$
Biographies (Alphabetized)
Book Reviews (Non-Fiction) (Alphabetized)
Business: Companies (Alphabetized)
Business: General
Business: Industries (Alphabetized)
Business: International
Business: Small
California
Canada
Caribbean
Child Abuse
China
Communication: Journalism
Communication: Language & Speech
Communication: Media
Communication: Non-Verbal
Communication: Television
Communication: Television & Children
Communism
Computer Science
Consumerism
Criminal Justice: General
Criminal Justice: Juvenile Delinquency
Criminal Justice: Police Science
Criminal Justice: Prisons
Cuba
Death & Dying: Euthanasia
Death & Dying: General
Death & Dying: Suicide
Drama: American
Drama: English
Drama: World
Drugs: Alcohol
Drugs: General
Economics: Banking
Economics: Economists (Alphabetized)
Economics: General
Economics: Inflation
Economics: International Trade
Economics: Macroeconomics
Economics: Microeconomics
Economics: Taxation
Education: Administration
Education: Curriculum
Education: General
Education: Higher
Education: Physical
Education: Psychology
Education: Reading
Education: Special
Education: Teaching Methods
Education: Theory
Energy: General
Energy: Nuclear
Energy: Solar
Environmental Studies
Evolution
Family & Marriage
Films: Artists (Alphabetized)
Films: General
Finance: Companies (Alphabetized)
Finance: General
Former Soviet Union: Post-1990
France
Gender & Sexuality
Geography
Germany
History: Ancient Greek & Roman
History: European
History: Great Britain
History: U.S. (After 1865)
History: U.S. (Before 1865)
History: U.S. Presidency
History: U.S. Presidents (Alphabetized)
Homosexuality
Immigration
India
Indonesia
International Relations: Arms Control
International Relations: Cold War
International Relations: Non-U.S.
International Relations: U.S.
Japan
Jewish Studies
Korea
Labor
Latin America
Law: Business
Law: Capital Punishment
Law: General
Law: International & Non-U.S.
Law: Supreme Court
Leadership
Literature, American: Authors (Alphabetized)
Literature, American: Faulkner
Literature, American: Fitzgerald
Literature, American: General
Literature, American: Hawthorne
Literature, American: Hemingway
Literature, American: Melville
Literature, American: Poe
Literature, American: Steinbeck
Literature, American: Twain
Literature, English: Authors (Alphabetized)
Literature, English: Chaucer
Literature, English: Conrad
Literature, English: Dickens
Literature, English: General
Literature, English: Joyce
Literature, English: Lawrence
Literature, English: Shakespeare
Literature, English: Swift
Literature, General: Children
Literature, General: Classic (Greek & Roman)
Literature, General: Russian
Literature, General: World
Management: General
Management: Japanese
Management: Motivation
Management: Theory
Management: Women
Marketing: Companies (Alphabetized)
Marketing: General
Marketing: Plans
Mathematics
Medical: Aids
Medical: Dentistry
Medical: Diseases & Disorders (Alphabetized)
Medical: General
Medical: Nursing
Mexican-American Studies
Mexico
Middle East: Egypt
Middle East: General
Middle East: O.P.E.C.
Military
Music: Classical
Music: General
Mythology
Nutrition
Parapsychology/Occult
Philosophy: Ancient Greek
Philosophy: Descartes
Philosophy: Eastern
Philosophy: General
Philosophy: Kant
Philosophy: Sartre
Poetry: American
Poetry: English
Poetry: Milton
Poetry: World
Political Science: Elections & Campaigns
Political Science: Foreign
Political Science: Lobbyists & Pressure Groups
Political Science: Machiavelli
Political Science: Mill
Political Science: Political Theory
Political Science: U.S.
Psychology: Behaviorism
Psychology: Child & Adolescent
Psychology: Disorders
Psychology: Dreams
Psychology: Experimental
Psychology: Freud
Psychology: General
Psychology: Jung
Psychology: Physiology
Psychology: Piaget
Psychology: Rogers
Psychology: Social
Psychology: Testing
Psychology: Therapies
Public Administration: General
Public Administration: Government Agencies (Alphabetized)
Racism
Real Estate
Recreation & Leisure
Religion: Eastern
Religion: General
Religion: Islam
Religion: The Bible
Research: Completed Studies (With Statistics & Results)
Research: Designs & Proposals
Research: Statistics & Methodology
Russia: Pre-1917 Revolution
Science: Astronomy
Science: Biology
Science: General
Science: Genetics
Sociology: Durkheim
Sociology: General
Sociology: Marx
Sociology: Social Problems
Sociology: Social Theory
Sociology: Social Welfare
Sociology: Weber
Soviet Union: 1917-1990
Sports: Drugs
Sports: General
Technology
Transportation: Automotive
Transportation: Aviation
Transportation: General
Transportation: Railroads
Urban Studies
Vietnam
Women Studies
 

CICERO.   Term Paper ID:30749 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Discusses the Roman orator.... More...

5 Pages / 1125 Words 3 sources, 9 Citations, APA Format $20.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Discusses the Roman orator. His founding of the Western oratorical tradition. His political career as a Senator, and other political offices. Clash with Caesar. His execution. His rich prose style and eloquence. Dependence of his oratorical style on philosophy as well as language. His famous orations. His use of persuasive oratory. Paper Introduction: When one thinks of great orators, some of the modern masters of oratory and rhetoric come to mind such as – on the side of the angels –- Martin Luther King, Jr. or Winston Churchill or – on the side of evil –- Adolf Hitler or Pol Pot. These men were all undeniably masters of the art of persuasive and eloquent speech; however, to understand how oratory is practiced one can look most profitably to the origins of the form in the classical world. This paper examines the person who might be considered to be the founder of the Western oratorical tradition, the Roman writer, diplomat and orator Cicero (106-43 BC). Although he had a distinguished political career, he is best known as Rome's greatest orator and as a man of letters. Born Marcus Tullius Cicero in Arpinum (now Arpino, Italy), he was also known as Tully. As a youth he studied law, oratory, literature, and p Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Toronto: University of Toronto. 19). Cicero understood the power of symbol, and both of these sets ofdiatribes rely heavily on his comparing himself to the heroes of old,effortlessly linking his own political ambitions (and, to be fair, his owndesire to see justice down to and for his fellow Romans) to such greatheroes of the Republic and of the empire as Romulus, whom (as Cicero notedin his orations against Cataline) only founded Rome while Cicero himselfsaved it (Bailey, 1986, p. Thus one of the most important aspects that marked Cicero's oratorywas a deep education. Johnson, W.R. This paper examines the person who might be considered tobe the founder of the Western oratorical tradition, the Roman writer,diplomat and orator Cicero (1 6-43 BC). Sumner, G. Luxuriance and economy: Cicero and the alienstyle. They became oratorsnot simply because of an interest in wordsmithery, but because they wishedto make important changes in society. Although Cicero's family did not belong to the Roman aristocracy, hewas supported in the competition for the consulship in 64 BC by most richand powerful Romans because of their distrust of his aristocratic but lessrespectable rival, Lucius Sergius Catilina, known as Catiline. Cicero saw no moral (or rhetorical) problem in using his words topersuade his fellow citizens of the correctness of his own position. Cicero created a rich prose style that combined clarity with eloquenceand has become one of the standards by which all other Latin prose isjudged. Cicero: Philippics. 27). Roman orators (and it may be argued that this remains true for oratorstoday) felt that the greatest possible sin was apathy. As a result,in 58 BC, Cicero was forced into exile. 5). Chapel Hill: University ofNorth Carolina. In each of these sets of oratorical pleadings, Cicero showedhimself to be a master of the Roman art of pleading intellectual andphilosophical points as well as a master of the Roman art of politics. After a year in Macedonia he wasrecalled by the Roman general Pompey the Great (Sumner, 1973, p. References Bailey, D.R. Cicero's Philippics are a nearlyperfect example of this. Cicero'swriting covers numerous subjects of intellectual interest with nearly allof his philosophical works being borrowed from Greek sources. Thus his oratory began alwaysin reading and in discussions with other philosophers, with an attempt tolocate his main points within a larger body of learning, particularly thatof the Greek scholars that had come before him (Bailey, 1986, p. (1986). Hoping to see a restoration of the Republic,he supported Caesar's adopted son Octavian, later the emperor Augustus, ina power struggle with the Roman consul Marc Antony. After Caesar's assassination in 44 BC,Cicero returned to politics. 7). Cicero suppressed the conspiracy and had severalmembers of Catiline's group executed, something that he accomplished in nosmall measure through the power of his public oratorical presentations.Julius Caesar and other Roman senators argued that Cicero had acted toohastily, without giving the conspirators due process of law. Cicero was notinterested in the truth, and his oratories against Cataline as well as thePhilippics were crafted to achieve the maximum possible political effect,using historical examples, metaphors, analogues, metonyms, and variousliterary devises like litotes to persuade his listeners or readers that hisposition was correct (Johnson, 1971, p. He greatly enriched the vocabulary of his own language. These men were all undeniably masters of the artof persuasive and eloquent speech; however, to understand how oratory ispracticed one can look most profitably to the origins of the form in theclassical world. or Winston Churchill or - on the side of evil --Adolf Hitler or Pol Pot. The most famous of his orations are the four against Catiline and thefourteen so-called Philippics against Antony, which were among seventeendelivered. Hecreated oratory that was at its heart and core persuasive. Hereturned to Rome in 5 BC and joined Pompey, who had become Caesar's bitterenemy. Cicero occupied himself with literature until 51 BC, when he acceptedan assignment to govern the Roman province of Cilicia as proconsul. 39). He regarded rhetoric as the counterpart, orsister art, of logic. This democratization of Greek society imposed on allcitizens the necessity of public service, making skill in oratoryessential. After briefmilitary service and three years' experience as a lawyer defending privatecitizens, he traveled to Greece and Asia, where he continued his studies.He returned to Rome in 77 BC and began his political career and in 74 BC hewas elected to the Senate (Sumner, 1973, p. Born Marcus Tullius Ciceroin Arpinum (now Arpino, Italy), he was also known as Tully. 38). Berkeley: University of California. (1973). The actual founder of rhetoric as a science is said to be Corax ofSyracuse (flourished about 465 BC), who defined rhetoric as the "artificerof persuasion" and composed the first handbook on the art of rhetoric.Plato would satirize this technical approach to rhetoric, with its emphasison persuasion rather than truth, in his Gorgias, and in the Phaedrus hediscussed the principles constituting the essence of the rhetorical art.Aristotle, in his Rhetoric, defined the function of rhetoric as being, notthat of persuasion, but rather that of "discovering all the available meansof persuasion," thereby emphasizing the winning of an argument bypersuasive marshaling of truth, rather than the swaying of an audience byan appeal to their emotions. S. From this necessity arose a group of teachers arose known asSophists, who endeavored to make men better speakers by rules of art,including Protagoras, the first of the Sophists, who made a study oflanguage and taught his pupils how to make the weaker cause appear thestronger (Johnson, 1971, p. Cicero's oratory in these two sets of writings was very much based ina classical tradition of oratory that is still seen in a somewhat veiledform in modern political oratory and that is based in social and historicalcircumstances surrounding the establishment of democratic institutions inAthens in 51 BC. Cicero, like all of the great Roman orators, wasinfluenced by these ideals of oratory and depended on them (Johnson, 1971,p. Hisrhetorical works, written in dialogue form, particularly On the Orator, areof value as the products of an accomplished rhetorician and as a richsource of historical material allowing us a glimpse into the ways in whichstyle and content were balanced to produce great classical oratory (Bailey,1986, p. His oratorical style was not marked simply by theability to create eloquent sentences but also by his ability to summarizecomplex philosophical and historical points. Although he had a distinguished political career, he is best known asRome's greatest orator and as a man of letters. After Pompey was defeated by Caesar in 48 BC, Cicero, realizing thatfurther resistance was hopeless, accepted Caesar's overtures of amity.While Caesar was virtual dictator of Rome, Cicero lived as a privatecitizen and wrote extensively. The orators in Cicero's Brutus: prosopography andchronology. It was neverintended to be a simply eloquent presentation of the truth. (1971). Cicero waselected, but during his administration Catiline organized a plot tooverthrow the government. Outstanding among his pieces of oratory are his treatises On theRepublic, On the Laws, On Duty, and On the Nature of the Gods. Octavian and Antonywere reconciled, however, and Cicero was executed as an enemy of the stateon December 7, 43 BC (Sumner, 1973, p. 13). 48). As a youth hestudied law, oratory, literature, and philosophy in Rome. 112). Inthese speeches he presented himself convincingly as a shrew but beleagueredpatriot attempting to protect himself through the power of oratory from hisenemies, a shrewd leader of men and of Roman public office and a man withsufficient intelligence and moral strength to protect Rome from itsenemies. When one thinks of great orators, some of the modern masters oforatory and rhetoric come to mind such as - on the side of the angels --Martin Luther King, Jr. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.